PROTECTIVE RELAYING

INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTIVE
RELAYING

FUNCTION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

RELAYING PRINCIPLES

TYPES OF RELAY
 INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTIVE
RELAYING
WHAT IS PROTECTIVE RELAYING?
Normal operation - It involves requirements
for supplying the existing load and a certain
amount of anticipated future load.
Abnormal Operation - Electrical equipment
failures - intolerable outages..
Prevention of electrical failure.
Mitigation of the effects of electrical failure.
The type of electrical failure that causes greatest
concern is the short circuit, or fault
Some of the features of design and operation
aimed at preventing electrical failure are:
A. Provision of adequate insulation.
B. Coordination of insulation strength with the capabilities of
lightning arresters.
C. Use of overhead ground wires and low tower-footing
resistance.
D. Design for mechanical strength to reduce exposure, and
to minimize the likelihood of failure causable by animals,
birds, insects, dirt, sleet, etc.
E. Proper operation and maintenance practices.
Some of the features of design and operation for
mitigating the effects of failure are:
Features that mitigate the immediate effects of an
electrical failure.
1. Design to limit the magnitude of short-circuit current -
a. By avoiding too large concentrations of generating
capacity.
b. By using current-limiting impedance.
2. Design to withstand mechanical stresses and heating
owing to short-circuit currents.
3. Time-delay undervoltage devices on circuit breakers to
prevent dropping loads during momentary voltage dips.
Features for promptly disconnecting the faulty
element.
1. Protective relaying
2. Circuit breakers with sufficient interrupting capacity
3. Fuses
Thus, protective relaying is one of several
features of system design concerned with
minimizing damage to equipment and
interruptions to service when electrical failures
occur.

When we say that relays protect we mean that,

together with other equipment, the relays help to
minimize damage and improve service.
 SHORT CIRCUIT

A fault is an intentional or unintentional

connection of two or more conductors
operating at different potential.

Metalic Contact Very low or zero Imp.

Arcing Very low Imp.
Partial Insulation Failure High Imp.
 Causes of Short Circuit

A. Damage due to unpredictable causes Tree

branch, snakes, birds, bush fires etc.
B. Abnormal voltage Lightning, Switching
surges
C. Deterioration of Insulation
 Consequences of Short Circuit
A. Damage to the faulted element and other
equipment due to over heating and
abnormal mechanical forces
B. Reduction in voltage and interruption of
supply to consumers
C. System Instability
D. Reduction in volt Mal-operation of relays
with pressure coil
E. Heavy current drawn by motors, stalling.
 Frequency of Short Circuit
A. Over-head Lines 50%
B. Cables 10%
C. Circuit breakers 15%
D. Transformers 12%
E. CT/PT 2%
F. Control Equip 3%
G. Others 8%
 FUNCTION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

The function of protective relaying is to cause the prompt

removal from service of any element of a power system
when it suffers a short circuit, or
When it starts to operate in any abnormal manner that might
cause damage or otherwise interfere with the effective
operation of the rest of the system.
The relaying equipment is aided in this task by circuit
breakers that are capable of disconnecting the faulty element
when they are called upon to do so by the relaying
equipment.
 FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYING
Sensitivity, selectivity, and speed
Must be sufficiently sensitive so that it will operate reliably,
when required, under the actual condition that produces the
least operating tendency
It must be able to select between those conditions for which
prompt operation is required and those for which no
operation, or time-delay operation, is required
It must operate at the required speed
Reliability
protective-relaying equipment be inherently reliable, and
that its application, installation, and maintenance be such as
to assure that its maximum capabilities will be realized
 EVALUATION OF PROTECTIVE
RELAYING
Evaluation may be based on:
The cost of repairing the damage
The likelihood that the trouble may spread
and involve other equipment
The time that the equipment is out of service
The loss in revenue and the strained public
relations while the equipment is out of service
Curves illustrating the relation between relay-plus-breaker time and the maximum
amount of power that can be transmitted over one particular system without loss
of synchronism when various faults occur.
 RELAYING PRINCIPLES
Circuit breakers are located in the
connections to each power element

A separate zone of protection is

established around each system
element.

Adjacent protective zones overlap

around a circuit breaker. This is the
preferred practice because, for failures
anywhere except in the overlap region,
the minimum number of circuit
breakers need to be tripped.
 BACKUP RELAYING
It is highly desirable that back-up relaying be arranged so that
anything that might cause primary relaying to fail will not also cause
failure of back-up relaying.
The practice is to locate the back-up relays at a different station
 Classification of RELAY

According to the application

Over Current Relay/overvoltage/overpower
Under voltage/under current/ under power
Directional Over Current Relay
Direction or reverse power
Distance Relay
Differential Relay
 According to the principle of operation
Electromagnetic relays
Electro-thermal relays
Static relays
Digital or numerical relays
 According to the time of operation
Instantaneous relays
Definite time lag relays
Inverse time lag relays
Inverse definite time lag relays
 Which Relays are Used in What Applications?

It depends on
the
importance of
the power
system
element
being
protected.
 Trends of protective relays
1925- Induction disc type- single I/P relays
1961- Induction cup type- Distance relays
1963- Static type all purpose
1972- Static type with self checking-all
purpose
1982- Digital relay( first gen) all purpose
1985- Digital relay(2-nd gen)-all purpose
OVER CURRENT RELAY
OPERATING PRINCIPLE
 In this relay there is a current coil, when
normal current flows through it magnetic
effect is not sufficient to overcome the
restraining force of the spring, relay will not
operated. When current increases more than
the set value, it operates.
Four basic types of relay , Instantaneous,
Definite time, Inverse definite time and
Inverse minimum definite time
 Instantaneous- It operate when current
reaches a predetermined value, Its operating
time is constant. There is no time delay.
 Definite time relay : two conditions must be
satisfied for operation (tripping), current
must exceed the setting value and the fault
must be continuous at least a time equal to
time setting of the relay.
It has pick-up and time dial settings, desired
time delay can be set with the help of an
intentional time delay mechanism.
Easy to coordinate.
 Definite time overcurrent relay is used as:
Back up protection of distance relay of
transmission line with time delay.
Back up protection to differential relay of
power transformer with time delay.
Main protection to outgoing feeders and bus
couplers with adjustable time delay setting.
 Inverse Definite Time over current relay:
Operates when current exceeds its pick-up
value.
Operating time depends on the magnitude
of current.
It gives inverse time current characteristics
at lower values of fault current and definite
time characteristics at higher values
 operating time is inversely changed with
current. So, high current will operate
overcurrent relay faster than lower ones.
There are standard inverse, very inverse and
extremely inverse types.
Time curve of a high-speed relay.
Inverse-time curves.
A F1 B F2 C F3