1192 Billion kWh total residential use

134 Billion kWh for refrigerators ($12.14 Billion)

549 Billion kWh for other appliances and lighting
(48.44)
Water Heater $288.00
Freezer/Frostless $136.80
Refrigerator $118.80
Waterbed $86.40
House Lighting $72.00
Clothes Dryer $59.76
Electric Range $45.36
Dishwasher $23.04
 EnergyGuide labels be placed on all new
refrigerators, freezers, water heaters,
dishwashers, clothes washers, room air
conditioners, heat pumps, furnaces, and
boilers.
EnergyGuide labels show the estimated yearly
electricity consumption to operate the product
along with a scale for comparison among
similar products
 Water heating is the third
largest energy expense in your
home. It typically accounts for
about 14% of your utility bill.
A family of four, each
showering for 5 minutes a
day, uses 700 gallons of water
a week; this is enough for a 3-
year supply of drinking water
for one person.
 Heat transfer is proportional to the
temperature difference
I.e. 120F 50 F (ambient temperature)
Whether we use water or not heat is continuously
flowing from the pipes to the room
 Q= m x Cp x (Temperature Difference)
M= mass
Cp= Heat capacity (1 Btu/lb.F)
700 gal/wk x 8.3 lb/gal x (120-56)
=371840 Btus
=109 kWh/wk or 5667 kWh per year
$385
 Electric water heaters are generally less
expensive to install than gas-fired types
because they don't require venting. But unless
you live in a region where electricity is
unusually affordable, an electric water heater
can be significantly more expensive to operate.
 REDUCE WATER TEMPERATURE
Recall that heat flow is a function of DT
If T = 100F, this is adequate for clothes washing
and bathing.
T = 100F may be too low for satisfactory operation
of some dishwashers. (But some new models of
dishwashers may supply auxiliary heat to the water.)
One of the most
powerful electric
tankless water
heaters on the
market,
this 22KW, four
element water heater
is configured for cold
climates
where the incoming
water temperature
can drop below 50 F.
 Active Systems
Open-Loop Active Systems
Closed-Loop Active Systems
Passive Systems
Thermo-Siphon Systems
Batch Heaters
 flat-plate,
evacuated-tube and
concentrating.
EGEE 102 - Pisupati 13
 Your local annual average solar insolation level.
Average daily hot water usage volume
Daily hot water usage pattern (mostly mornings,
mostly evenings)
Average mains water temperature
Annually/daily shade patterns
Angle/direction of installation (a less than ideal angle
will reduce efficiency)
Installation site (Do you have enough room for 2+
collectors?)

EGEE 102 - Pisupati 14

 A thermosyphon-type
solar water heater has an
insulated water storage
tank mounted above flat
plate solar collectors
The collectors transfer heat
from the sun to an
antifreeze collector fluid.
Whenever hot water is
used, solar heated water is
drawn from the storage
tank into the electric water
heater

15
 There are five basic parts to any refrigerator
Compressor
Heat-exchanging pipes - serpentine or coiled set of
pipes outside the unit
Expansion valve
Heat-exchanging pipes - serpentine or coiled set of
pipes inside the unit
Refrigerant - liquid that evaporates inside the
refrigerator to create the cold temperatures

EGEE 102 - Pisupati 16

The compressor compresses the ammonia gas.
The compressed gas heats up as it is
pressurized .
The coils on the back of the refrigerator let
the hot ammonia gas dissipate its heat.
The ammonia gas condenses into
ammonia liquid at high pressure.
The high-pressure ammonia liquid flows
through the expansion valve.
The liquid ammonia immediately boils
and vaporizes (light blue), its temperature
dropping to -27 F. This makes the inside of
the refrigerator cold.
The cold ammonia gas is sucked up by the
compressor, and the cycle repeats.
Ammonia boils at -27F
EGEE 102 - Pisupati 17
 Uses the most electricity of all your kitchen
appliances and accounts for as much as 15
percent of a home's total energy usage.
A typical refrigerator costs about $1,140 to
operate over its lifetime.
Refrigerators made to meet the latest DOE
standards (which will take effect in 2001)
will cut consumers' energy costs by 30
percent compared to the previous (1993)
standards.
 The efficiency of a refrigerator is expressed in
"volume cooled per unit electric energy per
day." Volume is measured in cubic feet and
electrical energy is measured in kilowatthours

19
 addition of vacuum insulation panels around
freezer section to reduce heat transfer,
addition of polyurethane foam to the doors to
double insulation thickness,
replacement of AC motors with more efficient
DC motors, and
replacement of automatic defrost control with
an adaptive defrost that operates only when
needed
 uses half as much
energy as today's
refrigerator-
freezers (RFs) and
one-fifth as much
as 1972 models: the
1 kilowatt-hour per
day refrigerator.
 Cuts power consumption to 0.93 kWh/day, a
performance that exceeds the 2001 energy
standard and that would save $6.5 billion
annually if all the 125 million RFs in the U.S.
operated as efficiently
 Don't put the refrigerator near a heat source - an oven,
the dishwasher or direct sunlight from a window.
Make sure air can circulate around the condenser coils.
Leave a space between the wall or cabinets.
Keep your refrigerator's coils clean. Brushing or
vacuuming the coils can improve efficiency by as much
as 30 percent.
Check door seals to make sure they are airtight. To test
them, close the door on a dollar bill and try to pull it
out. If the dollar slides out easily, kiss that dollar away
because you're wasting energy and money by letting
cold air leak out!
 Check the temperature - a fridge that is 10
degrees colder than necessary can use 25
percent more energy. Refrigerators should be
kept between 35 and 38 degrees - freezers at 0
degrees Fahrenheit.
A full refrigerator retains cold better than an
empty one.
Open the door as little as possible. Get in and
out quickly.
 There are two designs:
top-loading
front-loading.
A typical household does nearly 400 loads of
laundry per year, using about 40 gallons of
water per full load with a conventional washer
 You could save as much as 7,000 gallons of
water per year.
You are saving all the energy that would have
been needed to heat that water.
This adds up to savings for you and a big boost
for the environment.

EGEE 102 - Pisupati 26

 Top loading horizontal-axis or tumble-action
machines repeatedly lift and drop clothes,
instead of moving clothes around a central
axis.
Top-loading washers use sensor technology
to closely control the incoming water
temperature. To reduce water consumption,
they spray clothes with repeated high-
pressure rinses to remove soap residues
rather than soaking them in a full tub of
rinse water.
 A full-size ENERGY STAR clothes washer
uses 20-25 gallons per load
Nearly 50 percent less water and 30%-40%
less energy used per load
Washer design causes less wear and tear on
clothes
Bulky items such as blankets fit easily in the
super capacity basket.
Better water extraction means less dryer
time, for further energy savings
 Built in Type
Portable dishwashers
 ENERGY STAR dishwashers save electricity
and hot water by using both improved
technology for the primary wash cycle, and by
using less hot water to clean.
Construction includes energy efficient motors,
and other advanced technology such as sensors
that determine the length of the washing cycle
and the temperature of the water necessary to
clean the dishes.
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