Professional Documents
Culture Documents
el Control Procesos
Jorge Macas
Ingeniera Sistemas y Servicios de
Occidente
En la industria
existen diferentes
VARIABLES
a controlar en el
proceso...
De hecho, se
dice que las
vlvulas son el
dedo pulgar
de la industria
de procesos
Mariposa
Bola
pi Vi 2
i .g 2.g Zi 0
Ingeniera Servicios y Sistemas de Occidente
CV: Cantidad de galones por minuto de agua que pasan por una vlvula
generando una cada de presin de 1 psi
P
V
2
G
Si Q = VA
Q
2
p p
Q AK
2 2
K
A 2
G G
p
Q CV
G
Q Q2
CV p G
p CV 2
G
N, P y K
About DAP/NPK
Diammonium Phosphate
It is the most popular phosphatic fertiliser because of its high
analysis and good physical properties. The composition of pure salt
of DAP is N-21.19% and P205 -53.76%. Fertiliser grade DAP is
18:46:0.
1. Sobre-dimensionamiento
2. Nobleza qumica
3. Recubrimientos
4. Proteccin catdica
Net
Effluent
Contactor Contactor Contactor
CH3 CH3
CH3 - C - CH2 - CH - CH3
-
-
CH3
-
Live Loaded
Secondary Seal
S2 Primary Stem Seal
Spherical Stem
Seal (Live
Loaded)Stem
Spherical
Surface
Low Torques
High Cvs
Oval Handwheels for Small Valves
Anti Static Device
Locking Device
Blowout Proof Stem
Nace Trim Option
Manual Operation
Abusive
Contact
Actuator
Misalignment
TFM Standard Seats
TFM Seat
Standard
TFM Seat
Handle Standard
Orientation Option
1." CUERPO: En forma cilndrica, es la envolvente que contiene todos los componentes de la vlvula, resiste la
presin y temperatura del fludo, est diseado y construdo con un amplio factor de seguridad.
2." DISCOS: Son los medios segmentos circulares, que giran pivoteados en un eje soporte y son actuados por
resortes de torsin, colocados de tal forma que el empuje resultante, coincida con el centro de figura del medio disco.
Haciendo la operacin de apertura y cierre ms suave y libre.
3." EJE: De acero inoxidable sirve de gua y pivote, para los medios discos, est sujeto en sus extremos de tal forma
que no gira.
4." RESORTES: Generalmente son dos, son los que actan a los discos, para que cierren antes de que la presin del
fludo sea cero, y cambie el sentido del flujo evitando el golpe de ariete.
5." BUJE: Sirve de chumacera en vlvulas donde el material del cuerpo es suave, y en tamaos grandes.
6." EJE TOPE: De acero inoxidable sirve para evitar que un medio disco, abra ms que el otro.
7." TAPONES DEL EJE DISCO: Generalmente son tornillos allen los cuales aseguran los ejes.
8.- TAPONES DEL EJE TOPE: Generalmente son tornillos allen los cuales aseguran los ejes.
9." PLACA: De identificacin.
10.- REMACHES O TORNILLOS: De la placa de identificacin.
11.- TORNILLO DE OJO: Para facilitar las maniobras de instalacin.
Fire tested
Fail safe
Explotion proof
??
Probada a fuego
Falla segura
A prueba de explosin
87
Ingeniera Servicios y Sistemas de Occidente
ANSI B16.34-1996
Valves-Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
American National Standards Institute.
1) Scope. This Standard applies to new valve construction and covers:
2) Rangos Temperatura-Presin; Valves Fabricated by Welding
3) Size: NPS
4) Marking: ID Markings; Materials; Rating; Size; RTJ; B16.34 ID Plate, B16.34
SPL Plate, B16.34 LTD Plate.
5) Materials: General; Cast Surfaces; Mechanical properties; Electrical
Continuity; Flange Removal
6) Dimensions: Wall thickness; Inside Diameter; Valve Body Neck; Auxiliary
Connections; Position Indication; Disk Clearence
7) Testings: Shell Test; Valve Closure Tests; Surface Protection.
8) Requirements for Special Class Valves: Radiographic, Surface, and
Ultrasonic Examination. Welded Fabrication. Defect Removal and Repair
88
Ingeniera Sistemas y Servicios de Occidente
ANSI B16.5
Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
1) General Scope
2) Pressure-Temparature Ratings. System Hydrostatic Test
3) Size. NPS
4) Markimg: MSS SP-25; Name; Material; ASTM; Rating; B16
Designation; Size; RTJ.
5) Materials. Bolting; Gaskets;
6) Dimensions. Wall Thickness. Special Degree Elbows. Flat Face
Flanges. Facings: Raised Face; Large male and Female; Tongue and
Groove; Ring Joint; 125 micro in. Roughness; Flange Bolt Holes;
Threads for Threaded Flanges. Flange Bolting Dimensions. Gaskets for
Line Flanges. Auxiliary Connections. Welded Connections: Sockets,
Butt weld.
8) Testings. Flange testings; Hydrostatic Shell Test
89
ANSI B16.10
Face-to-Face and End-to End Dimensions of Valves
1) Scope. Standard Unit. Cast Iron Valves. Ductile Iron Valves. Steel and
Alloy Valves.
2) Nominal Pipe Size. Reduced Port Sizes. Pressure-Temperature Rating
Number:
a) Cast Iron: 25, 125, 250, 800
b) Ductile Iron: 150, 300.
c) Steel: 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, 2500.
Flange Valve Dimensions. Face-to-face. End-to-end
3) Facings of Flanged Valves: Flat Face; 0.06 in. Raised Face; 0.25 in.
Raised Face; RTJ.
4) Lenght of Buttwelding End Valves. Short Pattern; Long Pattern.
5) Tolerances.
90
Ingeniera Sistemas y Servicios de Occidente
ANSI B16.104-1976
Control Valve Seat Leackage Classification
MLA: Maximum Leackage Allowable
TM: Test Medium
TP: Test Pressure
Class I. No test required provided user and supplier so agree
Class II. MLA: 0.5% of rated capacity. TM: Air or Water. TP: 45-60#
Class III. MLA: 0.1% of rated. TM: Air or Water. TP: 45-60#
Class IV. MLA: 0.01% of rated capacity. TM: Air or Water. TP: 45-60#
Class V. MLA: 0.0005 ml.per minute of water per inch of port diameter per
psi differential. TM: Water. TP: Max. Service pressure across valve plug,
not to exceed ANSI body rating. (100 psi pressure drop minimum)
91
Ingeniera Servicios y Sistemas de Occidente
ANSI B16.104-1976
Control Valve Seat Leackage Classification
cont
Class VI. MLA: No to exceed amounts shown in following table based
on port diameter. T M: Air or Nitrogen.
Inches Milimiters Ml per Bubbles per
Minute minute
1 25 0.15 1
1.5 38 0.30 2
2 51 0.45 3
2.5 64 0.60 4
3 76 0.90 6
4 102 1.70 11
6 152 4.00 27
8 203 6.75 45
92
Ingeniera Servicios y Sistemas de Occidente
API-598
Valve Inspection and Testing
1. Scope
2. Inspection at the Valve Manufacturers Plant. Inspection
Outsice. Inspection Notice. Extent of Inspection. Examination.
Supplementary Examination.
3. Test Location. Tests required. High Pressure Closure Test. Test
Fluid. Test Pressures. Test Duration. Test Leakage.
4. Pressure Test Procedures. Shell Test. Backseat Test. Low-
Pressure Closure Test. High- Pressure Closure Test. End Loading
Under Test.
5. Valve Certification and Retesting. Certificate of Compliance.
Retesting.
93
Ingeniera Servicios y Sistemas de Occidente
API 607
Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter-Turn valves
1. Scope: All classes and sizes of such valves. Test
Conditions.
2. Test Apparatus
3. Test Procedure. Lower Pressure Test. Operational
Test.
4. Performance Requirements. Through-Valve
leackage. External Leakage. Pressure Relief
Provisions. Valve Qualification. Certification
Fourth Edition: Category A and B
94
Ingeniera Servicios y Sistemas de Occidente
API 6D
Specification for Pipeline Valves (Steel Gate, Plug, Ball, and Check valves)
I. Scope. Definitions.
2. General. Valve Classes. Ratings. Sizes. Minimum Bores.
Fac-to-Face and End-to- End Dimensions. Locking Devices.
3. Materials. Components per NACE MR01-75. Special Test
Requirements. Charpy Impact
4. Valve Types. Gate Valves, Plug Valves, Plug Valves, Check
Valves,.
5. Tests. Pressure Tests. Shell Test. Hydrostatic Shell Test.
Minimun Duration of Hydrostatic Tests.
95
Ingeniera Servicios y Sistemas de Occidente
API 609
Lug and Wafer Type Butterfly Valves
1. Scope. Category A. Category B.
2. Design. Pressure-Temperature Ratings. Face-to-Face Dimensions for
Categories A and B. Body. Disc Clearance. Trim. Shaft for Category B only: non
Ejectable. External Bolt Holes. Seat Retainer for category B only. Packing of
Shaft Seat Materials. Operating Mechanisms.
3. Materials.
4. Repair of Defects. Flow Indication. Markings (MSS SP-25). Nameplate: a)
Manufacturers Name b) catalogue Number c) Size (NPS) d) ASME body
Pressure e)Class (Class B). F)Pressure-Temperature at Max. T. G) ID of
Materials. Coatings.
5. Examination Requirements (per API 598). Inspection by the Purchaser (per
API 598). Pressure Tests (per API 598).
6) Packaging and Shipping Requirements. Openings. Disc Position. Shaft
Packing. Packaging
Appendix: Disc-to-Pipe Clearances
96
Ingeniera Servicios y Sistemas de Occidente
NACE MR0175
Sulfide Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistant Materials for
Oil Field Equipment
The Basics of the Sulfide Stress Cracking. Sour Gas Systems and SSC
Regions
Carbon Steel: 22 HRc
Stainless Steel: 25 HRc
Nonferrous Alloys: 35 HRc. Al and Cu have restricted use
Coatings: not be used to protect a base material SSC susceptible
Stress Relieving: not necessary to prevent cold work
Bolting
Composition Materials
Codes and Standards
Commercial Application
97
Ingeniera Servicios y Sistemas de Occidente
MSS SP-61
Pressure Testing of Steel Valves
1. Scope: Acceptance criteria for shell and seat closure pressure testing of
steel valves
2. General Requirements
3. Shell Test: 1.5 100F partially open Pressure containing parts may be tested
saparetely, nameplate shall contain reference of this limitation.
Visual detectable leakage through pressure boundary walls is not acceptable.
Stem seal leakage during shell test shall not be cause of rejection.
Duration.
4. Seat Closure Tests: Not less than 1.1 100F.
Closure test at 1.1 max. closed position differential pressure. Nameplate shall
include reference to any limitations.
Max. Allowable leakage rate.
Duration of tests.
98
Ingeniera Sistemas y Servicios de Occidente
MSS SP-25
Standard Marking System for valves,
fittings, flanges and unions
1. Scope.
2. General Marking Requirements
3. Manufacturess name or trademark
4. Rating designation.
5. Material Designations
6. Melt Identification.
7. Valve Trim Identification
8. Size Designation.
9. Identification of threaded ends.
10. Ring Joint Facing Identification.
11. Permisible Omission of Marking
99
Ingeniera Sistemas y Servicios de Occidente
MSS SP-25
Standard Marking System for valves,
fittings, flanges and unions cont
12. Marking Requirements for flanges and flanged fittings and unions
13. Marking Requirements for threaded fittings and union nuts
14. Marking Requiremts for welding and solder joint fittings and union
15. Marking Requirements for non-ferrous valves
16. Marking requirements for cast iron valves
17. Marking requirements for Ductlie Iron valves
18. Marking Requirements for Steel valves
100
Ingeniera Sistemas y Servicios de Occidente
MSS SP-55-1996
Quality Standard for Steel castings for Valves, Flanges and
Fittings and Other Piping Components
Visual Method for Evaluation of Surface Irregularitiees
1. Scope
2. Definition of Surface Quality by Visual Inspection
3. Reference Photographs
4. Terminology for Reference Photographs
Comparisson of MSS SP-55 Acceptance Criteria with
SCRATA Standard Covering Texture Quality Standards.
101
Ingeniera Sistemas y Servicios de Occidente
ISO 5211
Interefaces between Valves and Actuators
Ya existe una norma que permite seleccionar vlvulas y actuadores especificados
de tal suerte que su manufactura est de acuerdo con criterios internacionales de
montaje, ISO 9000 en este caso.
Todos los estndares ISO fueron desarrollados por esa misma organizacin con
sede en Ginebra, Suiza.
El comit tcnico ISO/TC 153 y el subcomit SC 2 empezaron sus trabajos en 1975
cuando las vlvulas automticas de vuelta parcial irrumpieron de manera
importante.
Por vuelta parcial se entiende cualquier vlvula que requiera menos de una
revolucin para operar, las ms comunes de las cuales son aqullas de un cuarto
de vuelta.
ISO 5211/2 fue publicada en 1979. Esta norma establece los torques mximos por
tipo de brida.
Esta norma especifica los requerimientos para unir actuadores a las vlvulas. A
travs de esta norma, por actuador se entiende actuador y/o caja de
engranes,.
102
Ingeniera Sistemas y Servicios de Occidente
ISO 5211
Interefaces between Valves and Actuators
Por vlvula se entiende vlvula o soporte intermedio.
El soporte intermedio es el soporte mismo con su cople que pueden ser necesarios
entre el actuador y la vlvula. El actuador se coloca en la superficie de interfaces,
segn se indica.
MUY IMPORTANTE: La Norma ISO 5211.2 establece y especifica que el sentido
para el cierre de una vlvula es en el sentido horario o FCW.
103
Ingeniera Sistemas y Servicios de Occidente
Testing Valves
Shell Test Test Fluid Water, kerosene Air, inert gas, water, other Air, inert gas, water, keros.
(open valve) Pressure 1.5 times P@ 100 F 1.5 times P @ 100 F 1.5 times P @ 100F
Test Duration 15 (2"); 60 (8"); 180 (>10") 15 (2"); 60 (6"); 120 (12") 15 (2"); 60 (8"); 180 (>10)
High Pressure Test Fluid Water, kerosene Air, inert gas, water, keros Liquid or gas
(Valve closed) Test Duration 15 (2"); 30 (8"); 60 (18") 15 (2"); 60(6"); 120 (>8") 15 (2"); 30 (8"); 60 (18")
Low Pressure Test Fluid Gas Air, Inert gas Gas. Manhfacts option
(Valve closed) Test Duration 15 (2"); 30 (8"); 60 (18") 15 (2"); 60 (6"); 120 (>8") 15 (2"); 30 (8"); 60 (18")
104
Ingeniera Sistemas y Servicios de Occidente
No one knows when the idea for the valve was born. Perhaps somewhere, sometime
in the ancient past, man learned to regulate the flow of a river or stream by blocking it
with large stones or a tree trunk. However it developed, the invention was almost as
important as the wheel, for now man could regulate water flow. The early Egyptian
and Greek cultures devised several types of primitive valves to divert water for public
consumption or crop irrigation.
It is the Romans, however, who are generally recognized as the developers of
comparatively sophisticated water systems. Their plumbing was advanced enough to
deliver water into individual buildings, for which they developed the plug valve, or
stopcock, and there is also evidence that the Romans used check valves to prevent
back flow.
And as Newcomen's steam engine was improved upon by James Watt and other
inventors, designers and manufacturers also improved the valves for these steam
engines. Their interest, however, was in the whole project, and the manufacture of
valves as a separate product was not undertaken on a large scale for a number of
years.