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Shear Mechanism
In a simply supported
rectangular beam, self
weight & super imposed
loads act downward,
reaction acts upward.
Resultants of all these
vertical forces generates
vertical shear in a
member.
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Shear
Normal Concrete Vs Pre-stressed Concrete
Comparatively smaller sectioned member needed for load carrying, so less self weight i.e.
less shear.
D1
RCC BEAM
D2
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Shear
Normal Concrete Vs Pre-stressed Concrete
Prestressing prevents the occurrence of shrinkage
cracks which could conceivably destroy the shear
resistance.
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Modes of Failure
in Prestressed
Beam
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Flexure-Compression (FC):
Flexure compression failures are the result of having a beam
with higher shear strength than flexural strength. Failure
occurs at the point of maximum flexural stress where the
compressive strain exceeds its capacity.
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Flexure-Shear Failure
A flexure-shear failure, is the result of a crack which begins as a flexural crack,
but as shear increases, the crack begins to turn over and incline towards the
loading point. Failure finally occurs when the concrete separates and the two
planes of concrete slide past one another. This mode of failure is common in
beams which do not contain web reinforcement.
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Shear-Compression Failure
Shear compression failures, shown in Figure, typically occur in beams which contain
adequate web reinforcement. In this mode, the crack propagates through the section
until it begins to penetrate the compression zone. This crack causes a redistribution of
compressive forces in the compression zone onto a smaller area. When the compressive
strength is exceeded, a shear compression failure occurs. This type of failure is common
in deep beams, where arch action is prevalent. The compressive strut caused by arch
action prevents a diagonal tension crack from propagating into the compression zone.
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Web-shear Failure
Before a section cracks from flexure, it is possible to exceed the
tensile strength of the concrete at the point of maximum shear
stress. This mode is primarily observed in sections with thin webs.
Failure occurs at the location of peak shear stress, as shown in
Figure. While, the mechanics of this failure are identical to flexure-
shear, failure is brittle and occurs with little or no warning.
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Factors Influencing Shear Strength
Axial Force: Shear failures are commonly due to tensile failure of the
concrete. Axial compression can delay the onset of critical tension in the
section, axial tension can hasten the failure. Compression, such as provided
by an axial force or prestressing tendons, provides an increase in shear
strength.
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Shear Carrying of Concrete & Tendon
on Different Tendon Profile
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Some Important Notes about Shear in
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed beam never fail under direct shear or punching shear. They fail as
a result of tensile stress produced by shear.
In some rare instance the transverse component of prestress increases the
shear in concrete.
By following load balancing approach, it is theoretically possible to design a
beam with no shear in concrete under a given condition of loading.
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Development of Shear Cracking
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Steps of Shear Design
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For Web Shear Crack
Calculate
Calculation of Nominal web shear
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Shear Reinforcement Spacing
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End of topic
Shear in
Prestressed
Concrete
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BOND in
Prestressed
Concrete
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Definition
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Main Types of Internal Prestressed
Concrete
Pre-Tension Concrete: Pre-stressing steel is tension
stressed prior to the placement of the concrete and
unloaded after concrete has harden to required
strength.
Bonded post-tensioned concrete: Unstressed pre-
stressing steel is placed with in the concrete and then
tension stressed after concrete has harden to required
strength
Un-bonded post-tensioned concrete: Differs from
bonded post-tensioning by providing the pre-stressing
steel permanent freedom of movement relative to the
concrete.
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Transfer of Prestressing Force:
Bond between concrete and prestressing steel.
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Existence of Bond
in Prestressed
concrete
2.Bonded post-
1.Pre-Tension
tensioned
Concrete
concrete
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Bond effects in Prestressed
concrete
Bond exists on two different basis:
1. Pre-tensioning system
2. Post-tensioning system
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Bond effect in Pre-tensioned construction
-Adhesive property
3.This property was discussed detail by Hoyer and is called HOYER EFFECT.
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Bond mechanisms in the
prestressing concrete :
1) Adhesion between concrete and steel
2) Mechanical bond at the concrete and steel
interface
3) Friction in presence of transverse compression.
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Hoyer Effect
After stretching the tendon, the diameter
reduces from the original value due to
the Poissons effect. When the prestress
is transferred after the hardening of
concrete, the ends of the tendon sink in
concrete. The prestress at the ends of
the tendon is zero. The diameter of the
tendon regains its original value towards
the end over the transmission length.
The change of diameter from the original
value (at the end) to the reduced value
(after the transmission length), creates a
wedge effect in concrete. This helps in
the transfer of prestress from the tendon
to the concrete. This is known as the
Hoyer effect.
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Development length(Ld):
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Transmission length:
The bond needed to transmit the complete prestressing force is called
transmission length(Lt).
The stress in the tendon is zero at the ends of the members. It increases
over the transmission length to the effective prestress (fpe) under service
loads and remains practically constant beyond it.
2) Size of tendon
3) Stress in tendon
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Bond in Post-tensioned construction
Effect of bond in post-tensioned construction has two distinct
purposes;
1.Protection against stress corrosion
-Moisture enters into duct
-Cause corrosion to high tension steel
-Rusting reduces effective area of steel
-This causes splitting of wires called stress corrosion
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2.Increase in ultimate strength
In bonded construction
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Process
Concrete is casted around a curved
duct (usually corrugated), to allow room
for the Tendon to be inserted.
After the concrete has hardened the
tendons are pulled in tension and then
wedged.
The duct is then injected with grout
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Bearing or Bearing plate
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Definition
A bearing plate is a specially-designed metal
plate used to spread the force of a load-
bearing wall or column out over a larger area
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Behavior of the local zone
The behavior of the local zone is influenced by the anchorage
device and the additional confining spiral reinforcement
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Behavior of the local zone (Contd.)
The transverse tensile stress is known as splitting tensile
stress. The resultant of the tensile stress in a transverse
direction is known as the bursting force(Fbst). Compared to
pre-tensioned members, the transverse tensile stress in
post-tensioned members is much higher.
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Calculating bursting force
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End Zone Reinforcement
The amount of end zone reinforcement in each direction (Ast)
can be calculated from the following equation.
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The bearing stress in the local zone
should be limited to the following
allowable bearing stress (fbr,all)
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Dispersion of bearing stress in concrete
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Manufacturing of an end block specimen
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Manufacturing of an end block
specimen (Contd.)
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Camber & Deflection
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Camber
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Factors of camber
The ability to predict camber accurately is critical for the
design and constructions . However, this is a complex
task, since the camber is dependent on many variables,
some of which are interdependent and change over
time. Four of the most significant variables are the
properties of the concrete ,
1. creep of the concrete,
2. concrete temperature
3. the magnitude
4. location of the prestress
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Deflection
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Definition
In general, Deflection is the degree to which a structural
element is displaced under a load.
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Types of Deflection
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Causes of Deflection in PSC Beams
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Tendon Profile
The deflection due to prestress depends on
the profile of the c.g.s. line
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Methods of Calculation
Double Integration Method
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Calculations of the Short-term Deflection
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ANY QUESTION
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