The Human Brain

Dr. Thontowi Djauhari NS, MKes

 Skull Anatomy
The skull is a rounded layer of bone
designed to protect the brain from
penetrating injuries.
Interior Skull Surface
Brain Development from Week
5 to Birth

Figure 13.8ad
 Neuron :
adalah unit fungsional system
saraf

Dendrit : menerima pesan

dari luar

Axon : meneruskan pesan

keluar.

Synapse: hubungan axon

dengan dendrit

Tempat synapse disebut

ganglion.
 The Brain/Enchepalon

4 Parts
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Pons
Medulla
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Substansia alba and subsansia grisea
 The Cerebrum
Terdiri dari 2 hemisphere yang dipisahkan falx cerebri.
Mengisi hampir seluruh cavum cranii diatas tenrorium cerebelli.
Pada permukaannnya terdapat sulcus dan gyrus.
Otak kiri dan kanan dihubungkan oleh corpus callosum
Cerebrum dibagi lima lobus
 Lobes of the Cerebrum
Limbic Lobe

Frontal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
 Frontal Lobe
The frontal lobe
bertanggung jawab
terhadap fungsi cognitif
antara lain :
Problem solving
Spontanitas
Memory
bahasa
Motivation
Judgment
Social and sexual
Kebiasaan
 Temporal Lobe Auditory Area

Lobus temporal mengatur emosi,

bertanggung jawab pada
penciuman, rasa , persepsi,
memori, agresivitas dan
kebiasaan sexual.
Lobus temporalberhubungan
dengan area bahasa didalam
otak.

Temporal: smell, hearing, memory and abstract thought

 Cutaneous Sensory Area
Parietal Lobe
Lobus parietal mengatur sensasi
rasa, raba dan pembauan.
Selain itu juga mengatur
koordinasi dan gerakan.
Lobus ini ada daerah yang
disebut dengan area Wernicks
yang bertanggung jawab pada
masalah tulis menulis dan
bahasa.

Parietal: reception and evaluation of sensory info

 Occipital Lobe Visual Area

Retina
Tractus Opticus
Corpus Genic.Lateral
Radiatio Optica

Kortek Primer Area 17

Tahu / Know 19

Kortek Sekunder Area 18

Kenal / Synthesis 17 18

Kortek Tertier Area 19

Visual
Faham / Analysis

Area 17 18 19
Visual
 Adalah kumpulan sejumlah nucleus
dan tractus diantara cerebrum dan
The Limbic System
diencephalonl
System ini lebih merupakan
kumpulan fungsional daripada
kumpulan anatomis.
Fungsi:
Mengendalikan dorongan emosi dan
perilaku.
Menghubungkan fungsi kesadaran
dan intelektual cortex dengan bagian
bawah sadar dan pusat otonom
Mengatur penyimpanan memory.

A. Cingulate gyrus
B. Fornix
C. Anterior thalamic
nuclei
D. Hypothalamus
terdiri dari serebrum dan
E. Amygdaloid nucleus
F. Hippocampus diensefalon yang terlibat
dalam aktivitas emosional,
terutama aktivitas perilaku
tidak sadar
 Berhubungan dengan batang otak

Cerebellum dan merupakan tempat mengatur

keseimbangan dan gerakan.

Fungsi. Serebelum bertanggung

jawab untuk mengkoordinasi dan
mengendalikan ketepatan gerakan
otot dengan baik.
Bagian ini memastikan bahwa
gerakan yang dicetuskan di suatu
tempat di SSP berlangsung dengan
halus bukannya mendadak dan Click image to play or pause video
tidak terkoordinasi.
a. Serebelum juga berfungsi untuk
mempertahankan postur.
b. Bagian ini membantu
mempertahankan ekuilibrium
tubuh. Informasi sensorik dan
telinga dalam dibawa ke lobus
serebelum.
11-41
Motor Skill Balance
 Hypothalamus
Hipotalamus berperan penting dalam
pengendalian aktifitas SSO yang
melakukan fungsi vegetatif penting untuk
kehidupan seperti :
pengaturan frekuensi jantung, tekanan
darah, suhu tubuh, keseimbangan air,
selera makan, saluran pencernaan, dan
aktifitas seksual.

Hipotalamus juga berperan sebagai

pusat otak untuk emosi seperti
kesenangan, nyeri, kegembiraan, dan
kemarahan.

Hipotalamus memproduksi hormone

yang mengatur pelepasan atau inhibisi
hormone kelenjar hipofisis, sehingga
mempengaruhi keseluruhan system
endokrin. The hypothalamus is shaded blue. The
pituitary gland extends from the
hypothalamus.
 The Brainstem

Midbrain

Pons

The brainstem is the most primitive

part of the brain and controls the Medulla
basic functions of life: breathing, heart Oblongata
rate, swallowing, reflexes to sight or
sound, sweating, blood pressure,
sleep, and balance. Autonomic Functions
The brainstem controls the basic functions of
life. Damage to these areas of the brain are
usually fatal:
The pons plays a critical role in respiration.
The medulla oblongata is responsible for
respiration and cardiovascular functions.
 Brainstem: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

Passage of signals between spinal cord and cerebrum

*Midbrain: contains cell bodies of CN III, IV
*Pons: attachment of CN V, VI, VII
*Medulla: attachment of CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

*
* pg 366
 The Cranial Nerves
I. Olfactory nerve
II. Optic nerve
III. Oculomotor nerve
IV. Trochlear nerve
V. Trigeminal nerve
VI. Abducens nerve
VII. Facial nerve
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve
XI. Accessory nerve
XII. Hypoglossal nerve
 Medulla Spinalis/Nervus Spinalis.
Substantia alba.
Sustantia gricea.
Gray matter : berisi cell syaraf (neuron)
White matter berisi serat syaraf (tractus)
The Meninges Meninges
protect CNS
three layers : dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

11-2
 Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid is a
colorless liquid that bathes the
brain and spine.
It is formed within the
ventricles of the brain, and it
circulates throughout the
central nervous system.
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the
ventricles and meninges,
allowing the brain to float
within the skull.
 The Cranial Nerves
I. Olfactory nerve
II. Optic nerve
III. Oculomotor nerve
IV. Trochlear nerve
V. Trigeminal nerve
VI. Abducens nerve
VII. Facial nerve
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve
XI. Accessory nerve
XII. Hypoglossal nerve
NERVUS CRANIALIS
 The Olfactory Nerve (I)
Carries sensory information
Sense of smell
Synapse within olfactory bulbs
 Anatomy of vision
Neural pathway
for vision

Retinal cells

2x binocular vision Retina

plus accessory Optic disk - blood supply
structures optic nerve
 The optic nerve (II)
Carries visual information
The oculomotor nerve (III) The abducens nerve (VI)
Primary source of innervation for Innervates lateral rectus muscle of
extra-ocular muscles eye

Move the eyeball

The trochlear nerve (IV) The optic nerve (II)

Smallest cranial nerve Carries visual information
Innervates superior oblique eye
muscle
 The Trigeminal Nerve (V)
Largest cranial nerve
Mixed nerve
sensory touch, pain & thermal
Ophthalmic branch
sensory upper eyelid, eyeball
lacrimal glands, side of nose, forehead
and scalp
Maxillary branch
sensory nose, palate, part
of pharynx, upper teeth, upper
lip and lower eyelid
Mandibular branch
sensory tongue, cheek, -inferior alveolar nerve (branch of mandibular)
lower teeth, skin over mandible -often anesthetized in dental procedures lower jaw
and side of head anterior to ear -numbs to mental nerve (branch of the IAN)
-superior alveolar nerve (branch of the maxillary)
-motor muscles of chewing
-numbs the upper jaw
 The Facial Nerve (VII)
Mixed
nerve
Controls
muscles
of scalp
and face
Pressure
sensation
s from
face
Taste
sensation
s from
tongue
The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
Vestibular nerve
Monitors sense of balance, position and
movement
Cochlear nerve
Monitors hearing
 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
Mixed nerve
Innervates the
tongue
Controls
swallowing
 The Vagus Nerve (NX)
Mixed nerve
Vital to
autonomic
control of
visceral
function
 The accessory nerve (XI)
Internal branch
Innervates swallowing muscles
External branch
Controls muscles associated with pectoral girdle

The hypoglossal
nerve (XII)
Voluntary motor
control over tongue
movements
 Cranial Nerves

I Olfactory--------Sensory--smell
II Optic-------------Sensory--vision
III Oculomotor----Motor----extrinsic eye muscles
IV Trochlear-------Motor----extrinsic eye muscles
V Trigeminal
V1 Opthalmic-----Sensory-cornea, nasal mucosa, face skin
V2 Maxillary------Sensory-skin of face, oral cavity, teeth
V3 Mandibular---Motor-muscles of mastication
---Sensory-face skin, teeth, tongue (general)
 Cranial Nerves (continued)
VI Abducens--------------Motor-----eye abduction muscles
VII Facial-------------------Sensory---part of tongue (taste)
-------------------Motor------muscles of facial expression
VIII Vestibulocochlear---Sensory----hearing, equilibrium
IX Glossopharyngeal----Motor------stylopharyngeus muscle
----Sensory----tongue (gen & taste), pharynx
X Vagus------------------Motor-------pharynx, larynx
-------------------Sensory----pharynx, larynx, abd. organs
XI Accessory-------------Motor------trapezius, sternocleidomastoid
XII Hypoglossal----------Motor-------tongue muscles
 Aliran Darah Otak
Otak butuh energy tinggi sehingga aliran
darah otak sangat intensif.
Otak mendapat darah dari :
A. carotis interna.
A. vertebralis.
CVA ( Stroke ) adalah keadaan dimana
terjadi gangguan fungsi otak akibat
adanya hambatan aliran darah.
Arteri : Circulus Willisi
 Circulus Willisi
Letak
Basis cranii
Melingkari infundibulum lek
hypophyse
Komponen
A. carotis interna (2)
A. cerebri anterior (2)
A. communicans anterior (1)
A. communicans posterior (2)
A. cerebri posterior (2)
 V.jugularis
Vena superficial yang
mengalirkah darah dari
wajah dan kulit kepala.
Terletak diatas m.
sternocleidomastoidea.
PUSING ??
 Components of
the Nervous
System

Central Nervous System

brain, spinal cord

Peripheral NS
Sensory - input
afferent (approach)

Motor - output
efferent (exit)

Figure 11.1
 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Parasympathetic
Most active in non-stressful
situations
Resting and Digesting
System
Concerned with keeping body
energy low
BP, HR, RR are low
GI Tract is active
Skin is warm
No need for blood to go to
skeletal muscle
Simpathetic
Most active in stressful
situations
Fight-or-Flight System
Concerned with providing
extra energy
BP, HR, RR are high
GI activity is halted
Blood diverted to skeletal
muscles
 ANS
Pembagian ANS.
Divisi symphatic
(Divisi Thoracolumbal)

Divisi parasymphatic.
(Devisi Craniosacral)
 Organ Sympathis Parasympathis
Pupil Dilatasi/Midriasis Konstriksi/Miosis

Cor Tachycardia Bradycardia

Bronchus Bronchodilatasi Bronchokonstriksi

Pemb. darah Vasokonstriksi Vasodilatasi

Kelenjar Hipersekresi Hiposekresi

M. Erector pili Kontr bulu roma Relaksasi

Dinding usus Relaks peristaltik < Konst peristaltik >

Kontr.sphincter defekasi - Rel.sphincter defekasi +

Vesica urinaria Relaks.detrusor / kontraksi Kontr. Detrusor / relaksasi

sphincter Mictie - sphincter mictie +
Genital Vasokonst c.cavernosus -- Vasodil c.cavern ++
vena terbuka Ereksi - vena tertutup Ereksi +
 By development
Innate, acquired
Classification of
Where information is processed
Spinal, cranial Reflexes
Motor response
Somatic, visceral
Complexity of neural circuit
Monosynaptic
Design of the Nervous System
SELAMAT BELAJAR