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Force
Pressure
Area
C F 32
5
9
Absolute or Kelvin Scale
The lowest possible temperature on the
Celsius Scale is -273C.
The Kelvin Scale just takes this value and
calls it 0K, or absolute zero.
Note: the size of 1K is the same as 1C.
To convert from C to K just add 273.
K=C+273
When do you use which scale.
Q=m C T
Conversions:
1 cal =4.186 J
1Btu = 252 cal
Units of Specific Heat
Q cal J
C o o
mT g C kg C
Water 4186 1
Ice 2090 0.50
Steam 2010 0.48
Silver 234 0.056
Aluminum 900 0.215
Copper 387 0.0924
Gold 129 0.0308
Iron 448 0.107
Lead 128 0.0305
Brass 380 0.092
Glass 837 0.200
Wood 1700 0.41
Ethyl Alcohol 2400 0.58
Beryllium 1830 0.436
Water has a specific heat of 1 cal/gmK and iron has
a specific heat of 0.107 cal/gmK. If we add the
same amount of heat to equal masses of iron and
water, which will have the larger change in
temperature?
1. The iron.
2. They will have equal
changes since the same
amount of heat is added
to each.
3. The Water.
4. None of the above.
Example Calculation
Compare the amount of heat energy required to
raise the temperature of 1 kg of water and 1 kg
of iron 20 C?
Q mCT
For Water
Q ( 1000 g)(1cal / g oC )( 20o C ) 20,000cal
For Iron
Q ( 1000 g)(0.107cal / g oC )( 20o C ) 2140cal
Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Ocean Currents
Plate tectonics
Radiation
Q
P eAT (const )T
4 4
t
Note: if we double the temperature, the
power radiated goes up by 24 =16.
If we triple the temperature, the radiated
power goes up by 34=81.
A lot more about radiation when we get to
light.
Work Done by a Gas
Work=(Force)x(distance)
=Fy
Force=(Presssure)x(Area)
W=P(Ay)
=PV
First Law of Thermodynamics
Conservation of energy
When heat is added into a system it can
either 1) change the internal energy of the
system (i.e. make it hotter) or 2) go into
doing work.
Q=W +U.
Note: For our purposes, Internal Energy is the part
of the energy that depends on Temperature.
Heat Engines
Qhot= W+Qcold
or
Qhot-Qcold=W
Efficiency = e = W/Qhot
If we had a perfect engine, all of the input heat
would be converted into work and the efficiency
would be 1.
The worst possible engine is one that does no
work and the efficiency would be zero.
Real engines are between 0 and 1
e=0.005
Example Calculation