TOPIC 1.

0
INTRODUCTION TO
HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING

1
Topic Outlines
1.1 Highway & Traffic Engineering And Its Scope

1.2 Characteristics Of Drivers/Pedestrian/Vehicles,

Road Interrelationship And Ergonomics In Highway
Design.

1.3 Development Of Highways And Street System In

Malaysia.

1.4 Emerging Issues And Trends In Highway & Traffic

Engineering

1.5 Feasibility Studies And Route Location 2

 Learning Outcomes

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the chapter, students should be able to:

1. Define the transportation system and explain on each of the components.

2. Describe the characteristics of driver, pedestrian, vehicle and roadway.
3. Describe the general aspects of highway classification and administration.
4. Explain the importance of feasibility studies and identify the route location
consideration factors.
5. Discuss on ways to improve road safety and current issues (transportation
challenges).

3
 TOPIC 1.1
Highway and Traffic
Engineering and Its
Scope

4
Highway Engineering
Definition: Highway engineering is the process of
design and construction of efficient and safe highways
and roads. This requires detailed drawings with complete
designs for drainage systems, pavement foundations,

Scope:
- Pavement structural design, construction & maintenance.
- Materials
- Rehabilitation
- Geometric design

5
Highway Engineering

6
Traffic Engineering
Definition: Traffic Engineering is that phase of
engineering which deals with the planning, and traffic
operations of roads, streets and highways, their networks,
terminals, abutting lands and relationships with other modes
of transportation for the achievement of safe, efficient, and
convenient movement of persons and goods.

Objective to study traffic engineering:

- To provide a high level of service (minimize travel times
and delays).
- To provide a high level of safety
7
Traffic Engineering (cont.)
Scope:
Traffic characteristic
Traffic studies and analysis (i.e: flow, speed, density)
Traffic operations (i.e: controls and regulations)
Planning and analysis (i.e: queuing, traffic signal,
intersection)
Transportation system
Administration and management (i.e: parking, tolling)
Research

8
 Transportation Engineering
Transportation :
1. The movement of people and goods to meet
the basic needs of society that require
mobility and access Mobility
2. Everything involved in moving either the Movements different
person or goods from the origin to the modes e.g walking,
destination. driving etc
Example:

a) A truckload of fresh bread is delivered to a

supermarket. Transportation
b) Workers commute from their homes to places
of employment.

Why do we provide and develop road

infrastructure?
Accessibility
1. To expedite economy recovery development Entry and exit
2. May benefit the surrounding areas -upgraded
to reduce accidents, congestions
3. Investment in mode and road infrastructure
to meet the demands and private Definition of Transportation 9
transportation
Transportation Engineering (cont..)
Importance
Social Connection between people, provide
work opportunity.
Economics - Bridges consumer-producer gaps,
multiplier effects.
Administrative Good & high quality of system
Safety Proper service with less risk related to
accidents, fatalities.
Goals
Access to locations,
Reasonable travel time,
Low cost (cost-effective)
10
Transportation Engineering (cont..)

11
 Transportation System
Transportation system :

May be defined as consisting of the fixed facilities, the flow entities, and the control
system that move people and goods.

a) fixed facilities
physical components of the system that are fixed in space and constitute the network
of links (e.g., roadway segment, railway track, pipes) and nodes (e.g., intersections,
interchanges, transit terminals, harbors and airports) of the transportation system.

b) Flow entities
the units that traverse the fixed facilities: vehicles, container units, railroad cars.

c) Control system
vehicular control: individual vehicles guided on the fixed facilities (manual or
automated)

Flow control: signing, marking and signal system and rules of operation that permit the
efficient and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and reduction of conflicts
between vehicles.

d) User/operators
- Human resources, essential to the operation of transportation systems, include vehicle
operators such as automobile truck and bus driver, railroads engineers, airline pilots,
maintenance and construction workers, transportation managers, and professionals
who use knowledge and information to advance the transportation enterprise. 12
Transportation System (cont..)

Transportation system :

Categorized into four (4) major subsystems according to the medium on which the flow
elements are supported. These subsystems are commonly referred to as modes.

a) Land Transportation highway and rail

b) Air Transportation Domestic and international

c) Water Transportation Inland, Coastal and ocean

d) Pipelines oil and gas

13
 Transportation System (cont..)
Transportation Modes:

A kind of transportation, distinguished in terms of their physical characteristics: highway,

rail, air and water transportation.

Classified according to whether they primarily carry freight or passengers, and whether
they serve urban, intercity or special-purpose markets.

14
Transportation System (cont..)
Transportation Modes:

15
Transportation System (cont..)
Highway

dominant transportation mode

private vehicles, truck lines, bus lines
Major markets: urban passenger transportation, urban goods distribution, intercity
passenger transportation and intercity freight.
Major service characteristics: very high accessibility to almost all potential destinations,
direct service with very low door-to-door travel times, moderate speeds and capacities.
Capital cost: moderate
Vehicles: cheaper and available
Total investment: quite high
Operating cost: high but lower for private passenger vehicles.
Environmental impacts: high (air pollution)

16
Transportation System (cont..)
Urban Transit

highly specialized mode

Includes traditional mass transit modes such as buses, streetcars, and light rail and rail
rapid transit, as well as paratransit modes such as jitneys and dial-a-ride services.
Transit passengers choice riders (person making work trips into dense CBD) and
captive riders (person without access to automobiles)
Speeds vary, door-to-door travel times greater than automobiles except in congested
CBD, accessibility less than private autos, capacities are high.
Capital costs: high for rail system (both for fixed facilities and vehicles) while operating
costs: moderate for both bus and rail systems
Environmental impacts: less than private automobiles.

17
Transportation System (cont..)

Air

Includes commercial airlines, airfreight carriers and general aviation (private aircraft).
Major market: intercity passenger travel (long-distance travel) and intercity freight
(product with high values).
Primary service characteristic: High speeds, limited accessibility, capacities of individual
aircraft are moderate, but productivity is high due to the very high speed.
Capital and operating costs are both quite high for the commercial air system, moderate
for general aviation airports and aircraft.
Environmental impacts: significant especially the noise impacts of commercial aviation.

18
Transportation System (cont..)

Air

Includes commercial airlines, airfreight carriers and general aviation (private aircraft).
Major market: intercity passenger travel (long-distance travel) and intercity freight
(product with high values).
Primary service characteristic: High speeds, limited accessibility, capacities of individual
aircraft are moderate, but productivity is high due to the very high speed.
Capital and operating costs are both quite high for the commercial air system, moderate
for general aviation airports and aircraft.
Environmental impacts: significant especially the noise impacts of commercial aviation.

19
Transportation System (cont..)
Rail

Consists of the private railroads and Amtrak (US) which operates most intercity
passenger rail service.
Primary market: intercity freight
Provides moderate speeds and level of accessibility.
Capital costs of locomotives and railcars are also relatively high, and productivity is often
low, maintenance costs for track are relatively high while operating costs per ton-mile are
low.
Environmental impacts are comparatively low, and the energy efficiency of rail per ton-
mile is comparatively high.

20
Transportation System (cont..)

Water

domestic water transportation system consists of coastwise and barge lines operating on
inland waterways
major types of oceangoing freighters include container ships, bulk cargo carriers and oil
tankers.
Market: intercity freight
Low speed, low accessibility, but extremely high capacities.
Capital cost is high, but operating costs per ton-mile are extremely low
Environmental impacts: relatively low, but water pollution from routine discharges of oil
and other pollutants, as well as from major oil spills.

21
Transportation System (cont..)

Pipelines

Highly specialized freight transportation system.

Market: crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas.
Provide very low-speed, high capacity continuous flow transportation, and involve a large
amount of working storage.
Costs are low. Capital cost: pipeline, pumping stations account for 70-80% of total costs,
operating costs: very low and depend mostly on pumping costs.
Environmental impact: quite low once they are built, but construction impacts have
sometimes been of major concern.

22
Transportation System (cont..)
Choice of modes

Each mode has inherent advantages of cost, travel time, convenience and flexibility that
make it the right choice under a certain set of circumstances.

Choice of mode for long-distance travel is heavily dependent on the sensitivity of the traveler
with the respect to time and cost
business travel time sensitive
vacation travel price sensitive
personal travel either time or price sensitive or both.

Basic attributes of each mode are schedule, speed, cost, service offered and perceptions
regarding the service offered.
a)Schedule and speed
ability of the mode to serve passengers at the times they want and at the speed (or travel
time) they require.
b) Cost
for a given distance: rail and bus are the least expensive, follows by private or rented car
and air travel the last as the most expensive means of travel.
c) Services
travel by private or rented car offers the convenience of having a car available at all times.
bus or rail offer few amenities on board
airlines offer a wide variety of services on board 23
 TOPIC 1.2
Characteristics Of
Drivers/Pedestrian/
Vehicles/Road and Their
Interrelationship

24
Characteristics
1) Human (Drivers/Pedestrian)
- Physical, mental, psychological, comfort,
convenience, enjoyment, stress, perception,
sensation, visual.

2) Vehicle
- Static and dynamic, dimension, speed, power, weight

3) Road
- Geometric design, lane capacity, alignment, control
measures at lane, gradient, traffic control system

25
Characteristics and Behaviour of Driver

Characteristics and behaviour of a driver are

influenced by three factors:
i. Physical
ii. Environment
iii. Psychology

26
Characteristic and Behaviour of Driver
i. Physical Factor
Two main factors considered are:
a) PerceptionReaction Time
It is a combination of four consecutive tasks:
- Perception
- Identification
- Emotion
- Volition
Perception-Reaction time of a driver varies and is
influenced by factors such as:
Age, fatigue, complexity of a situation, drivers physical
characteristics, alcohol or drugs, etc.

Average time: 0.5 3.0 seconds

b) Cone of vision 27
Characteristic and Behaviour of Driver (cont..)
ii. Environmental Factor
These include:

Weather & lighting

- Rainy days will affect drivers capability of driving.
- Slippery road due to raining.
- Improper road lighting during night

Traffic volumes
- High number of cars resulting to traffic congestion

Road geometry
- Curvy road

28
Characteristic and Behaviour of Driver (cont..)

ii. Psychological Factor

Motive of the journey

- Destination, travel time, distance.

Emotion
- Happy, stressful, relax.

29
Inter-relationship

ROAD HUMAN

VEHICLE
30
Chapter 1 : Introduction Topic 1.1: Transportation System Leave blank

a) Driver characteristics Check Out

Page 58-85

The
Human Response
Process

Visual Reception Hearing Perception

Visual, peripheral, colour, Ear receives sound stimuli

glare & recovery and depth warning sounds

Visual Acuity static & dynamic

Peripheral Vision see object beyond the cone of clearest vision
Colour Vision differentiate colour
Glare Vision & Recovery direct & specular
Depth Perception estimate speed & distance
Chapter 1 : Introduction Topic 1.1: Transportation System Leave blank

Check Out
Perception reaction process: Page 58-85

Driver, cyclist or pedestrian evaluates & reacts to a stimulus.

Can be divided into four sub processes;
1.Perception driver sees a control device or object on road
2.Identification driver identifies the object/ctrl device and understand the stimulus
3.Emotion the driver decides what action to takes in response to the stimulus. Ex:
to step in the brake pedal, to pass, to change lane
4.Volition the driver actually executes the action decided on the emotion process.
Chapter 1 : Introduction Topic 1.1: Transportation System Leave blank

b) Pedestrian characteristics Check Out

Page 58-85
Influence the design & location of pedestrian control devices.
Ex: special pedestrian signals, safety zones & islands at intersections, pedestrian
underpasses, elevated walkways & crosswalks.
Design of an all-red phase permit pedestrians to cross an intersection of heavy traffic.

c) Vehicle characteristics

Based on:
a)Static weight & size of the vehicle
b)Kinematic motion of vehicle w/out considering the forces
c)Dynamic involve the forces that cause the motion of the vehicle.
Aid the highway/traffic engineer in designing highways & traffic control system
Allow the safe & smooth operation of a moving vehicle while passing, stopping & turning.
Chapter 1 : Introduction Topic 1.1: Transportation System Leave blank

Check Out
a) Static characteristics Page 58-85
Size design standards for physical components of the highway (lane width, shoulder width,
parking space, & length of vertical curves).
Weight pavement depths & max grades
AASHTO has selected three (3) general classes of vehicles: passenger cars, trucks &
buses/recreational vehicles.

b) Kinematic characteristics
Primary element acceleration capability of vehicle (passing maneuver & gap acceptance)
Relationship of acceleration, velocity, distance and time.

c) Dynamic characteristics
Several forces act on a vehicle while it is in motion:
Air Resistance : forces due to frictional action of the air around that has to overcome by
vehicle
Grade Resistance : when a vehicle moves up a grade, weight of the vehicle acts downward
creates a force acting in opposite direction of motion.
Rolling Resistance : forces within the vehicle, moving parts & friction between pavement
surface and tyres. Depends on the speed of vehicle & the type of pavement.
Curve Resistance : When a vehicle is maneuvered to take a curve, external forces act on the
front wheels of the vehicle. Depends on the radius of curve, gross weight of vehicle & the
velocity of moving vehicle.
Chapter 1 : Introduction Topic 1.1: Transportation System Leave blank

Check Out
Page 58-85
Power Requirements : Rate of work, expressed in horsepower (US). Performance capability
of vehicle that can overcome air, grade, curve & friction resistance forces & put the vehicle in
motion.

d) Road characteristics

Sight Distance (will be discussed in Chapter 3:Geometric design)

Length of the roadway a driver can see ahead at any particular time.
a) Stopping Sight Distance
Min distance required to stop the vehicle at or near the design speed
before it reaches and object in its path
b) Passing/Overtaking Sight Distance
Passing sight distance when the distance is long enough to enable the
vehicle to overtake and pass another vehicle in front, w/out interference
 TOPIC 1.3
Development of Highways
and Street System In
Malaysia

36
Development of highway transportation

History of road construction:

Roman Roads

Metcalfs Road (1717)

Telfords Road (1757)

Mac Adams Road (1756)

37
Development of highway transportation
Roman Roads

Paving Stones

Fine Concrete

Broken Stones

Rubble Stones

Used by horses, chariot, wagon pulled by animals

Made-up from the stone blocks placed closed together

38
Development of highway transportation
Metcalfs Road

Gravel

Excavated Road
Material

Large Stone
Foundation

Insisted on good drainage and foundation or subbase

carriageway was arched assist surface water drainage

Crossing soft ground, he introduced a subbase raft of bundled heather

39
Development of highway transportation
Telfords Road
Gravel

Broken Stone

Hand Pitched
Stone

Improved ride ability - sandwich smaller stones between the boulders

smaller stones filled voids between the stone blocks compacted until smooth
surface obtained

40
Development of highway transportation
Mac Adams Road

Camber

Gravel

Several layers of compacted stones

Foundation improvement removing the topsoil

41
Development of highway transportation
Historical Development (U.S overview)

Travel by foot, horseback or in animal drawn vehicles on dirt roads

Automobile and truck travel development of roads and highways

1st toll road: Lancaster Turnpike (1974) connect Lancaster and Philadelphia

The building of canals and inland waterways (1820s)

Construction of railroads (1830s)

Public transportation bus and metro systems in cities

Development of air transportation aircrafts, airports (1900s)

New technology
42
 Highway transportation trend in Malaysia

Highway transportation trend in Malaysia:

Pre-Independent Era

Before independent walking or animals cart and few motorized car - by means of footpath
and bullock cart tracks
Rubber plantation and tin mining increase demand for a better serviceability of road
network weak laterite
Planning of road in Malaya British Administration
Last decade before independent tar road constructed in cities and town (business and
admin activities) Mac Adam road
Mechanical and motorized vehicles replaced animal drawn carts.

43
 Highway transportation trend in Malaysia

Post-Independent Era

Now, Malaysia has one of the finest

systems of road network system in the
world

Bituminous or concrete road provide

accessibility to residents (urban or rural)

Expressway stretching from the north to

the south of peninsular Malaysia (PLUS)

Federal highway links between states

Expressway in urban or rural area 44

Road Classification
Based on location & function
Location
- Urban
- Rural

Function
- National
- Regional
- State
- City Network
45
Road Classification (cont.)

Highway/Road Classification

Roads are divided into two groups by area: -

Rural Urban

Used for commuting &

Located outside of cities shopping trips
Serve as links between population Serve areas of
centers high density land

46
Road Hierarchy
Hierarchy classification by mix access and mobility function:
Highway
- link up directly/indirectly federal capitals, state capitals.
- serve long to intermediate trip lengths
- speed : high to medium (not important as expressway)
- smooth traffic with partial access control
Expressway
- divided highway for through traffic
- full access control and grade separation at all intersection.
- speed limit is 110 km/h
Primary road
- major roads within a state
- serve intermediate trip lengths & medium travelling speed
- smooth traffic with partial access control
- link up state capitals, district capitals and major towns
Secondary road
- major road within district
- serve intermediate trip lengths with partial access control
Minor road
- apply to all road other than mentioned earlier
- serve mainly local traffic, short trip lengths, no access control 47
Road Hierarchy (cont.)

Arterial
- continuous road with partial access for through traffic within urban area
- Convey traffic from residential area to Central Business District (CBD)
- smooth traffic flows and carry large traffic volume
Collector
- Serve as collector or distributor between the arterial and local road system
- partial access control
- penetrate and serve identifiable neighbourhoods, commercial areas and
industrial areas
Local street
- basic road networks within a neighbourhoods
- serve direct access to abutting land
- links to the collector road & short trip lengths
- through traffic should be discouraged

48
49
Road Administration

50
 Road Category General Description Responsible Agency

Federal Roads Inter-urban expressways and MHA

Toll Expressways & Toll
Highways
National Highways
Roads within Federal
Territories
Regional Development
Scheme Roads
Minor Roads (access to
Federal Government
Institutions)
highways where tolls are collected. Federal PWD
Inter-urban highways linking (usually through
Federal Capital, State Capitals and State PWDs)
point of entry / exit to the country.
Federal PWD
Designated roads within Federal
(through DBKL,
Territories; i.e. within Kuala
Municipal Council)
Lumpur, Labuan.
Roads forming the network within a
Federal PWD
Regional
Regional Development Area.
Development Units
Roads leading to and within
Federal Government Institutions. Federal PWD and
State PWDs

State Roads Roads other than the designated DBKL, Municipal

Federal roads Council
Roads within Federal Major roads forming the basic State PWDs
Territories network within a State, linking State PWDs
Primary Roads State Capitals and major towns. District Offices
Roads forming the network
Secondary Roads within a District
Respective Local
Authorities (with
Minor Roads Minor roads within a village or
assistance from
Urban Collector rural inhabited area
state PWDs in most
Roads serving as collectors and
Roads distributors of traffic within a cases)
Local Streets Local Authority area. Respective Local
Basic road network within an Authorities
8/18/2017 urban neighbourhood,
copyright@Tey Li Sian serving 51
primarily to offer direct access
to abutting land
State road : Selangor
52
Kampong road
53
Private road : North-South Expressway

54
Road Administration

55
Authorities & Service Provider
Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia (LLM)
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia (JKR)
Malaysia Institute of Road Safety (MIROS)
Local Authorities
PLUS
LITRAK
PROPEL (maintenance)

56
QUIZ 1

Describe the road classification by fill in the blanks with suitable

answer. (CO1-PO3)
(5 marks)

57
 TOPIC 1.4
Emerging Issues and
Trends in Highway &
Traffic Engineering

58
Transportation System Challenges

Transportation system exists to meet perceived social and economic needs.

As the transportation system itself evolves, situations arise as a problem serve as
challenges to the transportation engineering profession.
These challenges are:

1. Managing congestion by demand or supply measures

2. Improving safety traffic accidents concern
3. Providing equal access poor, elderly, and physically handicapped
4. Protecting the environment EIA
5. Incorporating new technology - ITS
6. Securing financial resources - funding

Benefits of Highway Privatization

1.Serious urban traffic congestion

2.Highway-related crashes - Over 40,000 traffic fatalities each year
3.Delay
4.Parking difficulties
5.Pollution noise and air (carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO), hydrocarbons)
59
General
Accidents
Reduction or increment in fatalities
Traffic congestion
Budget or cost
Rules and regulations
New technologies
Carpool

60
Malaysia Scenario
High statistic of accidents
High number of fatalities
Traffic congestion
Users safety; Backseat belt
Poor construction and maintenance
Controls, rules and regulations
Poor service; Public transport system

61
Transportation & Highway Safety
Factors involved in transportation crashes can
be classified into 4 categories:
The Driver Performance and attitude of driver.
The Vehicle Mechanical condition failure, poor
service and maintenance.
The Roadway Condition and quality in term of
geometric design, structural design, traffic signal and
signboards.
The Environment Physical and climatic environment,
the weather.

62
Highway Safety Improvement Program
Collecting and Maintaining Data
- Crash data, fatalities, injuries.
Identifying Hazardous Location and Element
- Based on the crash frequencies calculated and evaluated
by comparing with other similar location or conditions.
Conducting Engineering Studies
- Perform detailed engineering study to identify safety
problem. Countermeasures are determined.
Establishing Project Priorities
- Evaluate the economic feasibility of each countermeasures
and determine the best alternative among countermeasure.
63
Traffic congestion

64
Crashes

65
Parking difficulties

66
Air pollution

67
 TOPIC 1.5
Feasibility Studies &
Route Location

68
Highway Planning & Design
Involves:
Project Identification
Approval and Budget
Feasibility Study
Category of Road Design Std, Level of Service
Route Location (maps)
Primary Ground Survey
Detailed Engineering Design Report & Costing
Tendering
Construction 69
70
71
Feasibility Studies
Traffic Census
- Obtain data on traffic census and growth rate and
a study on accident prone area from HPU.
Capacity
- A relationship between road capacity and the number of
lanes, lane width characteristics and LOS.
Class of Road
- Can be determined from JKR Manual on Geometric
Design
Route location
- Propose route location
72
Feasibility Studies (cont)
EIA
- Evaluation on the effect of the project
implementation towards the environment.
Soil investigation
Structures
Cost estimation
Economic evaluation
Finalizing the route

73
74
75
76
Route Location

Is determined through:
Topography sheet
Aerial photographs
Existing and future development plans from town
planning department
Revenue sheet
Design or as-built plan in the case of road
improvement

77
Route Location (cont)

Factors considered in route location:

Ground terrain; preferably on flat area
Waterways; avoid crossing waterways, required
other structure, i.e bridge
Existing properties; avoid relocation of properties
and social impact.
Subsoil conditions; soft-soil condition to be avoided
Estimated length of road (km); longer, higher cost
Keep grades and curvature to minimum.

78
Traffic census - Obtain data on traffic census and growth rate & a study on
accident prone areas from Highway Planning Unit (HPU)

Capacity - A relationship between capacity and the no. of lane, lane width,
and level of service (LOS)

Class of road - From traffic census and capacity, the class of road can be
determined from the JKR Manual on Geometric Design

Route location: Propose route locations

Structures - propose structures such as bridge, tunnels

Environmental impact assessment - It is necessary to balance benefits from

major road schemes with adverse environmental effects due to their
implementations.
 Highway Survey

Involve measuring and computing horizontal and vertical angles, vertical

heights (elevation), and horizontal distances.
Used to prepare base maps with contour lines and longitudinal cross
sections.

Surveying technique can be grouped into three (3) general categories:

a)Ground surveys

b)Remote sensing

c)Computer graphics
Chapter 6 :Road Construction & Maintenance Topic 6.1 : Stage of road construction Leave blank

Principles of Highway Location

Basic principles for locating highways

Roadway elements such as curvature and grade must blend with each other to produce a
system that provides for the easy flow of traffic at the design capacity, while meeting design
criteria and safety standards.

The Highway Location Process Involves four (4) phases:

a)Office study of existing information

- Examination of all available data of the area in which the road to be
constructed.
- Carried out in the office prior to any field or photogrammetric
investigation.
- Data can be obtained from existing engineering reports, maps, aerial
photographs collected and examined.
- Data engineering (topography, geology, climate, traffic volumes),
social, environmental and economic.

b) Reconnaissance survey
- Identify several feasible routes by a stereoscopic examination of the
aerial photographs.
- Factors into consideration
terrain & soil conditions
- serviceability of route to industrial & population areas
- crossing of other transportation facilities (rivers, railroads, other
Chapter 6 :Road Construction & Maintenance Topic 6.1 : Stage of road construction Leave blank

c) Preliminary location survey

- The positions of the feasible routes are set as closely as possible by establishing
all the control points.
- Determine preliminary vertical and horizontal alignments evaluate the economic
& environmental feasibility of the alternative routes.
- Economic evaluation to determine the future effect of investing the resources
necessary to construct the highway: road user costs, construction costs,
maintenance costs, road user benefits, and also disbenefits.
- Environmental evaluation impact of highway construction on it surroundings:
plant, animals, human communities, social, man made variables.

d) Final location survey

- A detailed layout of the selected route.
- Final horizontal and vertical alignments are determined
- Final positions of structures and drainage channels are located.
Chapter 1 : Introduction Topic 1.3 : Feasibility studies and route location. Leave blank

Route Location

Topography terrain: FLAT? ROLLING? MOUNTANIOUS?

- Preferably route location on flat area compare to hilly and mountanious.

Soil condition
- Avoid soft soil condition which will involve replacement with suitable
material or ground improvement
- Avoid ground of mining subsidence
- Locate highway on soil that need least pavement thickness above it

Environment
- avoid destruction on flora and fauna

Economy/socioeconomic
- Avoid deep cuttings and expensive tunnel
- Avoid crossing waterways so that no need to provide structure (bridges)

Politic
History
- Avoid destruction or removal man-made culture

Video of SUPER ROADS on redesign interchanges and environmental-friendly bridge.

Example: Alternative alignments for a new road linking A to
D
Chapter 1 : Introduction Topic 1.4 : Road safety and current issues. Leave blank

Standard application to Malaysian Roads

Higher design speeds for roads those provide long distance travel
Lower design speeds for roads those serve local traffic, where the effect of speed is less
significant
Higher standard for roads with heavier traffic

In Malaysia, design standards for roads are classified into 7 groups for urban & rural
categories. The reason why road design standards in Malaysia need to be standardized
particularly with their geometric design features are as follows:

To provide a uniformity in the design of roads based on the performance

requirements
To provide consistent, safe and reliable road facilities for traffic movement
To provide a guide for less subjective decisions on road design

Roadway Ideal Conditions

1. Lane width 3.6 m

2. Clearance 1.8 m
3. Free-flow speed of 100 km/h
4. No No Passing Zone on two-lane highway
5. No parking near the curb
6. Level terrain
7. No pedestrians
8. Only passenger cars in the traffic stream (no heavy vehicles)
Chapter 1 : Sample chapter Topic 1.4 : Road safety and current issues. Leave blank

Agencies Involved In Highway & Traffic

1. JKR (The Public Works Department)

- Implementation of development projects (federal road, state road, bridge & airport)
- make sure all roads are in a good condition & safety

2. JPJ (The Road Transport Department)

- increase road safety through observation of motorized vehicles & drivers
- implement the Road Transport Act 1987
- Update the road tax system

3. LLM (Malaysia Highway Authority)

- plan, design, construct & maintain highway links & facilities.
- collect the toll & other payment which are related.

Benefits of Highway Privatization

Reduce government financial burden

Cost saving due innovation in construction techniques
Users enjoy improved standard of service & greater accessibility
Earlier implementation and completion of highway project
Create more job opportunity