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TELEPHONE
SERVICE
MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICE
High cost
Limited availability
Narrow frequency allocation
Terminology
When cluster is duplicated m times witihin a given service area, the total number of
full-duplex channels can be expressed mathematically as
C=mGN or C=mF
where C = total channel capacity in a given area
m = number of clusters in a given area
G = number of channels in a cell
N = number of cells in a cluster
Example:
Determine the number of channels per cluster and the total capacity of
a cellular telephone area comprised of 10 clusters with seven cells in
each cluster and 10 channels in each cell.
F= GN
F=?
C = mF
C=?
Frequency reuse factor (FRF) - number of
simultaneous user in non-adjacent cell.
FRF= N/C
where FRF = frequency reuse factor
N = total number of full-duplex channels in an area
C = total number of full-duplex channels in a cell
First Tier - The process of finding the tier with the nearest co-channel cells
N = i^2 + ji + j^2
where N = number of cells per cluster
i and j = nonnegative integer
EXAMPLE:
Determine the number of cells in a cluster and locate the first tier if i = 3 and j =
2.
INTERFERENCE
(CELLULAR TELEPHONE CONCEPTS)
INTERFERENCE
CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
ADJACENT- CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
Isa crosstalk from two different radio transmitters using the
same frequency.
Q = D/R
where Q = co-channel reuse ratio
D = distance to center of the nearest co-channel cells (kilometres)
R = cell radius (kilometres)
ADJACENT-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
MADE BY:
:
Bondoc, Jacob Y.
CELL?
LARGER AREA
DIVIDED INTO
SMALL NO. OF
AREAS
SHAPE IS
HEXAGONAL
EACH WITH ITS
OWN BASE
STATION AND SET
OF FREQUENCIES.
Why hexagonal cell ?
square
circular
hexagonal
FREQUENCY REUSE
6
5 7 Each cell is assigned a part
1 of the available frequency
4 2 spectrum.
3 6
same part of the frequency
6 5 spectrum more than once.
5 7 1 This is called frequency
1 4 reuse.
4 2 3
3
Reuse Distance
For hexagonal cells
reuse distance---
D= R.3N
Reuse factor---
D/R= 3N
Channel capacity?
C = MKN = MS
C= capacity
M= number of clusters
K= allotted channel to a cell
N= no of cells in a cluster.
Why cell splitting and sectoring?
Cell splitting
The process of
subdividing a
congested cell into
smaller cell.
Each with its own
base station and a
corresponding
reduction in antenna
height.
leads to increase in
capacity
Limitations:
Umbrella approach:
Handoff issues must be addressed so that high speed and low
speed traffic can be accommodated simultaneously.
Cell sectoring:
To overcome some limitations like co-channel
interference, cell sectoring is done.
Involves replacing an omni- directional antenna at
the base station by several directional antennas,
Different sectors:
Advantages:
It improves S/I ratio.
It reduces interference which increases capacity.
It enables to reduce the cluster size and provides
an additional freedom in assigning channels.
Limitations:
Increased number of antennas at each base
station.
Decrease in trunk efficiency.
Loss of traffic.
Since sectoring reduces the coverage area of a
particular group of channels, the number of
handoffs increases as well.