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MOBILE

TELEPHONE
SERVICE
MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICE

Mobile telephone service began in the 1940s and


were called MTSs or sometimes manual telephone
systems , as all calls were handled by an operator.
Push-to-talk (PTT)

The mobile unit used a push-to-talk (PTT) switch to


activate the transceiver.
MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICE

The MTS system was comparable to a party line, as


all subscribers with their mobile telephones turned
on could hear any conversation.
MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICE

MTS numbers were generally five digits long. And


could not be accessed directly through the public
switched telephone network.
IMPROVED MOBILE
TELEPHONE SERVICE

Was introduced in 1964, used several carrier


frequencies and could handle several simultaneous
mobile conversations at the same time.
IMPROVED MOBILE
TELEPHONE SERVICE

Like MTS, its base station transmitter outputted


powers in the 100-W to 200-W range and mobile
units transmitted between 5W and 25W.
Why early MTS were not widely used?

High cost
Limited availability
Narrow frequency allocation
Terminology

Mobile - any radio transmitter, receiver, or


transceiver that could be moved while in operation.
Portable - a relatively small radio unit that was
handheld, battery powered and easily carried by
person moving at walking speed.
Terminology

Mobile telephone - is a one-to-one system that


permits two-way simultaneous transmission and for
privacy.
Cellular Telephone

Similar to two-way mobile radio in that most


communications occurs between base stations and
mobile units.
Evolution of Cellular
Telephone
Evolution of Cellular Telephone

July 28, 1945 E.K. Jett hinted of a


cellular telephone scheme
June 17, 1946 AT&T and
Southwestern Bell introduced the first
American commercial mobile radio-
telephone service
Evolution of Cellular Telephone
Evolution of Cellular Telephone

In the same year, similar services were offered to 25


major cities throughout the United States.
In 1947, AT&T introduced a radio-telephone service.
The system operated in the 35MHz to 45MHz band.
The first half-duplex, PTT FM mobile telephone
systems introduced in the 1940s operated in the
35MHz to 45MHz band and required 120kHz
bandwidth per channel.
Evolution of Cellular Telephone
Evolution of Cellular Telephone

In the early 1950s, the FCC doubled the number of mobile


telephone channels
In 1968, AT&T proposed the concept of a cellular mobile system to
the FCC
Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS) developed and recently
developed miniature integrated circuits
Evolution of Cellular Telephone

1966 Don Adams, in a television show called Get


Smart, unveiled the most famous mobile telephone
to date: the fully mobile shoe phone.
Evolution of Cellular Telephone

1975 the FCC granted AT&T the first license to operate a


developmental cellular telephone service in Chicago
1976 the Bell Mobile Phone service for metropolitan New
York City (approximately 10 million people) offered only 12
channels that could serve a maximum of 543 subscribers.
1976 the FCC granted authorization to the American Radio
Telephone Service (ARTS) to install a second developmental
system in the Baltimore-Washington, D.C., area.
Evolution of Cellular Telephone

1983 the FCC allocated 666 30kHz half-duplex mobile


telephone channels to AT&T to form the first U.S. cellular
telephone system called Advance mobile Phone System
(AMPS)
1991 the first digital cellular services were introduced in
several major U.S. cities
November 17, 1998 a subsidiary of Motorola Corporation
implemented Iridium, a satellite-based wireless personal
communications satellite system (PCSS)
FREQUENCY REUSE
Frequency Reuse
The process in which the same set of
frequencies can be allocated to more than
one cell, provided the cells are separated
by sufficient distance.
The figure shows a geographic cellular
radio coverage area containing three
groups of cells called cluster.
Frequency with the same number uses the
same frequency.
Cluster size is typically equal to 3, 7 or 12
The frequency reuse concept can be illustrated mathematically by considering a
system with a fixed number of full-duplex channels available in a given area.
F=GN
where F= number of full-duplex cellular channels available in cluster
G= number of channels in a cell
N= number of cells in a cluster

When cluster is duplicated m times witihin a given service area, the total number of
full-duplex channels can be expressed mathematically as
C=mGN or C=mF
where C = total channel capacity in a given area
m = number of clusters in a given area
G = number of channels in a cell
N = number of cells in a cluster
Example:
Determine the number of channels per cluster and the total capacity of
a cellular telephone area comprised of 10 clusters with seven cells in
each cluster and 10 channels in each cell.

F= GN
F=?

C = mF
C=?
Frequency reuse factor (FRF) - number of
simultaneous user in non-adjacent cell.

FRF= N/C
where FRF = frequency reuse factor
N = total number of full-duplex channels in an area
C = total number of full-duplex channels in a cell
First Tier - The process of finding the tier with the nearest co-channel cells
N = i^2 + ji + j^2
where N = number of cells per cluster
i and j = nonnegative integer

EXAMPLE:
Determine the number of cells in a cluster and locate the first tier if i = 3 and j =
2.
INTERFERENCE
(CELLULAR TELEPHONE CONCEPTS)
INTERFERENCE

is anything which modifies, or disrupts a signal as


it travels along channel between a source and a
receiver.
2 MAJOR KINDS INTERFERENCE WITHIN A
CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM

CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
ADJACENT- CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
Isa crosstalk from two different radio transmitters using the
same frequency.

Co-channel cells two cells using the same frequencies.

Co-channel interference interference between two cells.


CO-CHANNEL REUSE RATIO
Increasing the D/R ratio(sometimes called co-channel reuse ratio) increases
the spatial separation between co-channel cells relative to the coverage
distance.

Q = D/R
where Q = co-channel reuse ratio
D = distance to center of the nearest co-channel cells (kilometres)
R = cell radius (kilometres)
ADJACENT-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE

is interference caused by extraneous power


from a signal in an adjacent channel. ACI may
be caused by inadequate filtering, improper
tuning or poor frequency reference.
NEAR FAR EFFECT
If a nearby transmitter has just a little bit of out-of-band
noise, it might swamp out the desired signal transmitted by a
transmitter far away. This near-far problem is reduced by
controlling the power level that is transmitted by the mobiles
to keep everyone on as close to the same power level as
possible at the receiver base station.
Power point presentation
on
cell splitting and sectoring

MADE BY:
:
Bondoc, Jacob Y.
CELL?
LARGER AREA
DIVIDED INTO
SMALL NO. OF
AREAS
SHAPE IS
HEXAGONAL
EACH WITH ITS
OWN BASE
STATION AND SET
OF FREQUENCIES.
Why hexagonal cell ?

square

circular

hexagonal
FREQUENCY REUSE
6
5 7 Each cell is assigned a part
1 of the available frequency
4 2 spectrum.
3 6
same part of the frequency
6 5 spectrum more than once.
5 7 1 This is called frequency
1 4 reuse.
4 2 3
3
Reuse Distance
For hexagonal cells
reuse distance---
D= R.3N
Reuse factor---
D/R= 3N
Channel capacity?
C = MKN = MS
C= capacity
M= number of clusters
K= allotted channel to a cell
N= no of cells in a cluster.
Why cell splitting and sectoring?
Cell splitting
The process of
subdividing a
congested cell into
smaller cell.
Each with its own
base station and a
corresponding
reduction in antenna
height.
leads to increase in
capacity
Limitations:
Umbrella approach:
Handoff issues must be addressed so that high speed and low
speed traffic can be accommodated simultaneously.
Cell sectoring:
To overcome some limitations like co-channel
interference, cell sectoring is done.
Involves replacing an omni- directional antenna at
the base station by several directional antennas,
Different sectors:
Advantages:
It improves S/I ratio.
It reduces interference which increases capacity.
It enables to reduce the cluster size and provides
an additional freedom in assigning channels.
Limitations:
Increased number of antennas at each base
station.
Decrease in trunk efficiency.
Loss of traffic.
Since sectoring reduces the coverage area of a
particular group of channels, the number of
handoffs increases as well.

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