1

Strategies for Oral Communication

Strategies for successful speaking and
successful listening

Chapter # 14

By: Saif Bukhari

2
Strategies for Oral Communication
Part Six
Strategies for Oral Communication

Chapter 14. Strategies for Successful Speaking

and Successful Listening.
Chapter 15. Strategies for Successful Informative and
Persuasive Speaking.
Chapter I6. Strategies for Successful Interpersonal
Communication.
Chapter 17. Strategies for Successful Business and Group
Meetings

3
Definition of Communication

Communication
Communication is the transmission of messages
from a Sender (a person or group) to a
Receiver (another person or group). In a perfect
world, the receiver would understand.
The message without difficulty. But too often, that
doesnt happen. A lack of clarity, poor Choice of
words, distractions, and a host of other obstacles
can interfere with the message.
4
Barriers to Communication

Barriers to Communication
If noise is whatever interferes with communication
between sender and receiver (and vice versa), its
important to understand what causes noisewhat
are the main barriers to communication.
There are three main types of barriers:
External barriers, (include environmental and visual distractions)

Internal barriers, (within the receiver)

Semantic barriers. (differences in language, education, and culture)

5
Strategies

Strategies
A careful plan or method for achieving a particular goal
usually over a long period of time.
They are proposing a new strategy for treating the disease
with a combination of medications.
The government is developing innovative strategies to help
people without insurance get medical care.

Strategies
The skill of making or carrying out plans to achieve a goal.
A specialist in campaign/military strategy.

6
Persuasive Speaking
Persuasion occurs when an audience assents
(agree) to what a speaker says.

Consequently, persuasive speaking requires extra

attention to audience analysis.

Traditionally, persuasion involves ethos

(credibility), logos (logic), and pathos (emotion).
By performing these three elements competently,
a speaker can enhance their persuasive power.

7
Interpersonal Communication
Successful Interpersonal Communication.
Interpersonal communication is the process of
sending and receiving information between two or
more people.
Types of Interpersonal Communication
This kind of communication is subdivided into
Dyadic communication,
Public speaking, and Small-group communication.

8
Dyadic communication
Dyadic communication
Dyadic communication is simply a method of communication
that only involves two people such as a telephone
conversation or
Even a set of letters sent to and received from a penal.
In this communication process, sender can immediately
receive and evaluate feedback from the receiver. So that, it
allows for more specific tailoring of the message and more
personal communication than do many of the other media.

* Dyad means two things of similar kind or nature or group and dyadic
communication means the inter-relationship between the two.

9
 Group Meetings
Group Meetings a formally arranged gathering;
"next year the meeting.
The meeting elected a chairperson"

10
Strategies for Oral Communication

Strategies for successful speaking and

successful listening

Chapter # 14

By: Saif Bukhari

11
 Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

I. Strategies for Improving Oral presentation.

II. Strategies for Reducing Stage Fright

III. Strategies for improving listening Skills.

12
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations

A. Steps for Preparing Effective Oral

Presentations.
B. Kinds of Oral Presentations.
C. Ways of Delivering the Oral Message.
D. Strategies for an Effective Oral Delivery.
E. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal
Delivery.

13
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

II. Strategies for Reducing Stage Fright

A. Signs of Discomfort
B. Strategies for Decreasing Speaking Fears

III. Strategies for improving listening Skills.

A. Faults in Listening
B. Purposes for Listening
C. Results (Good Listening).

14
I. Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations
A. Steps for Preparing Effective Oral
Presentations
1. Determine the purpose,
2. Analyze the audience and occasion.
3. Select the main ideas for the message.
4. Research the topic.
5. Organize the data and write the draft.
6. Create visual aids.
7. Rehearse the talk.

15
I. Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations

Good speech has three parts:

1 An Introduction
2 A Body (or Text discussion)
3 A Conclusion or Summary

16
I. Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations

Good speech has three parts:

1. Introduction
An introduction seeks to do several things:
Get attention,
Include an Aim or Purpose and
Lay out of the direction.
Three elements as a PAL
PAL (Porch, Aim, Layout).
Porch, your opening remarks
Aim, your purpose, why you are giving the talk.
Layout, your agenda, precise understanding the
major points you will cover, it is roadmap for
what follows.
17
I. Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations
Good Speech
1. Introduction
2. Body (Text, Discussion)
The body is the heart of your talk;
Here you explain and support the main purpose of your
presentation.
Here you include evidence, data for your central theme,
Organize the body of the talk is similar to developing the
text or discussion of a major paper.
Time constraint demands that must talks be limited to
two or three main points.

18
I. Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations

Good Speech
1. Introduction
2. Body (Text, Discussion)
3. Summary or Conclusion
A summary reminds the audience of the main
idea covered in the body of the talk.
Conclusion draws inferences from the data.
Regardless of your intent, there must be an
ending or a closing" to your remarks.
19
I. Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations

Good Speech
Create Visual Aids
Some presentations do not require Visuals,
On the other hand, it would be odd not to
include a Visual when speaking about the
structure of an organization.

20
I. Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations
Steps for Preparing Effective Oral Presentations
Rehearse the Talk is the most important step for
effective oral presentation.
Two Purposes underlie rehearsals:
You will become more comfortable
Your material and you can still revise where necessary.
When rehearsing, stand and deliver your talk out loud.
Three times rehearsals recommended.
If you rehearse too much, the statement sound
memorized.

21
I. Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations
Rehearse the Talk
Always imagine the audience in front of you.
Use transitional (in-between)
Avoid long sentences and unusual words.
Take each of the main points one at a time and
learn to present each with its supporting material.
Include the visual aids.
Anticipate questions from the audience.
Stop at the allotted time, Then cut and revise the
speech accordingly until you can deliver it within
the time limit,
Allowing also for a question and answer period.
22
I. Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations
B- Kinds of Oral Presentations
Basically, all oral communication lies between:

Informative speaking and Persuasion

For most purposes the statements are

therefore some variation of inform, persuade.

or entertain. Additionally, one could add such
variations as motivate, inspire, and eulogize,
(praise or Criticize).

23
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening
I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations
B- Kinds of Oral Presentations
Basically, all oral communication lies between:

Short talks may range from 1 to 10 minutes in length.

You may simply introduce someone, present an award
to a retiree, give a briefing to visitors to your
company; or offer an opening statement in a group
meeting.
Longer statements may vary from 10 minutes to 1
hour. some corporations limit statements to 20 or 30
minutes, knowing that attention spans decrease the
longer the statement.

24
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations

C. Ways of Delivering the Oral Message
Four options for speaking:

Extemporaneous,

Reading,

Memorization, and

Impromptu delivery.

Extemporaneous delivery Is preferred by both audiences and

speakers; It allows more Eye contact and more verbal and
nonverbal Involvement with the audience.

25
Strategies for Successful Speaking and
Successful Listening
1.Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations
D. Strategies for an Effective Oral Delivery
One of your personal signatures Is your voice

1- Pitch, (*Monotone, High or low voice, Same work value)

2- Rate, (Variation in rates is better than speaking at the same speed).
3- Volume gives It more Interest and appeal
I- Contrast in Emphasis, using a louder or softer.
II- Controlled Breathing.
4- Vocal Quality (ones voice is hard to describe: we often turn to metaphors to
describe voice quality).

5- Pronunciation (Speech therapists can help with pronunciation concerns,

particularly with non-native speakers.
* Monotone Lack of pitch variation may result in being called a monotone

26
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

1. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations

D. Strategies for an Effective Oral Delivery
One of your personal signatures Is your voice

5- Pronunciation
Jargon.
Varied Regional Accents.
Added or Omitted Sounds.
Listen to the Educated and Cultured People of
your Community
Consult a Recent Dictionary.

27
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

1. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations

E. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal Delivery
1. Posture (Posture, how you stand, even sit, communicates
something about you as a communicator).

2. Movement (Lecterns are movement Inhibiting. If you must use

a lectern, try moving slightly from one edge to the other.

i - Move to Hold Attention, ii- Move to Get Rid of

Nervousness, iii- Move to Suggest Transitions.
iv- Move to Increase Emphasis.

28
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

1. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations

E. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal Delivery
1. Posture
2. Movement
3. Gestures
Emblems (symbol).
Illustrators.
Affect Displays.
Regulators
Adapters

29
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening
E. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal Delivery
3. Gestures
To Emphasize
To Point
To Reject
To Describe
Very Gestures
Avoid Continuous Gestures
Watch Timing
Adapt Gestures

30
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening
1. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations
E. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal Delivery
1. Posture
2. Movement
3. Gestures
4. Facial Expressions
5. Appearance

31
 Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

II. Strategies for Reducing Stage Fright

Signs of Discomfort
Strategies for Decreasing Speaking Fears.
Regardless of culture, stage fright is universal. The
suggestions helps decrease the intensity of
that fear.

32
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills.

A. Faults in Listening

B. Purposes for Listening

C. Results of Good Listening.

33
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills.

A. Faults in Listening
(Listening is as important as the other three components of Communication,
I - Speaking, II - Reading, III- Writing0.
*Prejudice Against the Speaker.
External Distractions (interruption).
Thinking Speed.
We have time on our hands while listening to a speech, our Thinking speed out-paces
the speakers rate of speech.
Premature Evaluation
Delivery.

*injustice

34
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills.

A. Faults in Listening
B. Purposes for Listening
It should be no surprise that poor listening is not entirely the fault of
the speaker.
1. To Gain New Information and Ideas.
2. To Question and Test Evidence and Assumptions.
3. T be Inspired
4. To Improve your own Communication

35
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills.

A. Faults in Listening
B. Purposes for Listening
C. Results of Good Listening.
Following Six benefits will occur if you listen purposefully and positively

1. Leads to helpful, Positive attitudes- by understanding the

hindrances that lie in the way of good listening.
2. Permits the speaker and listeners to improve communication
because each side is more aware of and receptive to the
other's viewpoint.

36
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills.

C. Results of Good Listening.
3. Indicates by feedback to the speaker that listeners are
interested in turn, the speaker tries harder to give his or her
best presentation.
4. Helps listeners obtain useful information on which they can
make accurate decisions.
5. Creates better understanding of others and thus helps listeners
work with others.
6. Helps the speaker (especially in an interview) in talking out a
problem a person need to receive, as well as give help.

37
Reference Material

38
STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ORAL
PRESENTATIONS

STEPS FOR PREPARING EFFECTIVE ORAL

PRESENTATIONS
Determine the purpose
Analyze the audience

Select the main ideas

Research the topic

Organize the data: intro, body,

conclusion
Create visual aids

Rehearse the talk

39
TIPS ON PREPARING FOR THE
INTRODUCTION
Introduction is meant for: audiences attention, aim
or purpose of presentation, and layout of the
presentation
These three elements are called PAL:
Porch: these are the opening remarks, preamble or preface
of the speech e.g. a quotation, a question, a startling
statement, reference to the occasion, reference to the past,
a humorous story etc.
Aim: it is the topic of the talk, why you are giving the talk,
your intention in giving the talk
Layout: it is your agenda during the talk, the main topics to
be discussed by number.

40
TIPS FOR REHEARSAL
The two purposes of rehearsal are:
To make us more comfortable with our speech and
to help us revise our speech
During the practice stand straight and talk out loud

Always imagine the audience before you, or invite

family/friends to act as your audience
Use transitional (Middle) phrases such as first,
second, now I will move on to next topic, lastly, in
the end etc. to indicate changes in our thoughts or
topics

41
TIPS FOR REHEARSAL
Avoid long sentences and unfamiliar words
Present each point separately with its related
material
Include visual aids where necessary in the
text
Anticipate audiences questions and write
down probable answers
Stop at the allocated time, allowing time for
questions and answers
42
WAYS OF DELIVERING THE ORAL
MESSAGE
Extemporaneous: allows a speaker to use
notes or an outline preferably in the form of
small cards (3-5 inches) that can be held
discretely in the palm of your hand
It allows more eye contact with the audience
and is the most popular way of presentation
Reading: political figures and policy makers
etc. who cant afford to make any mistake in
their messages prefer reading from a written
text.
43
WAYS OF DELIVERING THE
ORAL MESSAGE
Memorization: this technique is rarely used as
there is a limit to how much we can instantly
remember
Impromptu: if you are asked to speak without
any prior preparation, you should not be
caught unprepared
you should make notes of the discussions
being held in the meeting so that you can
speak effectively when called upon to do so.
44
STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE
ORAL DELIVERY
Pitch: it is the shrillness or lowness of the
voice. Women have higher pitch than men.
Monotone means same pitch throughout the
speech which is irritating to the listeners.
Strong declarative sentences end with
downward pitch, questions and suggestions
end on higher pitch.
Pitch varies in sentences: Mary dont do that!

45
STRATEGIES FOR ORAL
DELIVERY
Rate: the rate of words delivered per
minute should range between 80 to 160.
Pauses between words or sentences
emphasize transitions of thought and
help the speaker collect their thoughts.
But pauses should not be too long so
that they bore the listeners.

46
STRATEGIES FOR ORAL
DELIVERY
Volume: some people have naturally loud
voice. But one must regulate the volume
according to audience size.
Volume can also vary on important words,
sentences or ideas.
Vocal Quality: every voice has its unique
quality. Voices can be deep, throaty, gentle,
masculine, effeminate, dynamic, weak,
strong, secure, clear etc.
Some people do not have a good quality
voice in which case they should get speech
therapy.
47
STRATEGIES FOR ORAL
DELIVERY
Pronunciation: it is an important part of oral delivery.
In the professional world correct pronunciation is
necessary especially for foreign speakers of English.
Jargon or technical terms and abbreviations should
not be spoken outside the group or should be
explained before use.
Sounds should not be omitted such as using gonna
or wanna for going to and want to etc.
One must listen to educated and cultured people in
order to polish ones pronunciation.
Dictionary also is a good source of correct
pronunciation.
48
STRATEGIES FOR AN EFFECTIVE
NONVERBAL DELIVERY

Posture: straightness of the back is essential for a

good impression whether you sit or stand.
Movement: during your presentation maintain eye
contact with your audience and occasionally move
back and forth, but not continuously
Movement is meant for purposes of holding
audiences attention, getting rid of nervousness, for
suggesting transitions, and for increasing emphasis

49
STRATEGIES FOR AN EFFECTIVE
NONVERBAL DELIVERY

Gestures: movement of hands, arms and

shoulders, and head are termed gestures
Emblems: behavior which signifies specific
verbal terms such as thumbs up as sign of
good work, arm wave as sign of hello
Illustrators: when hands or fingers are used to
point out objects
Affect Displays: when facial expressions are
used to indicate emotional states

50
GESTURES CONTD.
Regulators: when speakers use body movements of
their audience to search out responses to their
messages. Listeners may nod their heads, maintain
eye contact, shift their postures, incline their heads to
listen better.
Adaptors: these are unintentional movements to a
physical or psychological state: scratching a nose,
twisting a pencil, smoothing ones hair.

51
GESTURES CONTD.
Gestures are used
To emphasize
To point
To reject
To describe
You should vary gestures, avoid
continuous gestures, watch timing,
adapt gestures
52
STRATEGIES FOR AN EFFECTIVE
NONVERBAL DELIVERY CONTD.

Facial expressions convey primary

gestures, including eye contact
Appearance matters a lot in
professional environment, it may be
smart casual or business casual

53
STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING
STAGE FRIGHT
In order to reduce nervousness before your
presentation, the following rules should be
remembered:
Know your subject well
Rehearse your talk several times to eliminate
mistakes
Request a podium or lectern so that you can
hold it or stand behind it confidently

54
STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING
STAGE FRIGHT
Pre check electronic equipment before presentation
Hold an object like pen, pointer, or marker in your
hands to avoid awkward movement of hands
Breathe deeply and slowly before speaking. Sit
relaxed in your chair and make small movements like
crossing your legs
Move backwards or forwards to point out something
or hold attention of the audience during the speech
Approach the podium with confidence and assurance

55
STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING
LISTENING SKILLS

The following faults can be experienced in

listening and prevent us from listening well:
Prejudice against the speaker
External distractions from the physical
environment, e.g. excessive gestures of the
speaker, hot or cold room temperature etc.

56
STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING
LISTENING SKILLS

Thinking speed of the listeners being faster

than the delivery of the speech
Premature evaluation of speakers message
Semantic stereotypes or internal reactions to
words/concepts of the speaker such as
negative reaction to Communism etc.
Uninteresting or problematic delivery of
speech

57
PURPOSES OF LISTENING
To gain new information and ideas to arrive at
true, workable and acceptable conclusions
To question and test evidence and
assumptions, or verify data and information
To be inspired by great thoughts and ideas
To improve your own communication

58
RESULTS OF GOOD LISTENING

Attentive listening leads to helpful, positive attitudes

by understanding the hindrances that lie in the way of
good listening

Permits the speaker and listeners to improve

communication as each side is receptive to the
others viewpoint

59
 RESULTS OF GOOD LISTENING
Encourages the speaker to try harder to give
a good presentation due to effective feedback
from the listeners
Helps listeners obtain useful information on
which they can make accurate decisions
Creates better understanding of others and
thus helps listeners work with others

60
 Wish You Good Luck

Thanks
61