m



m  
There are two main concepts in
term learning disabilities:

1.)Learning Process

2.) Measures of Mental Ability

ë
  


=Learning is the
process by which
experience and
practice result in a
stable change in
learner¶s behavior.´

  

hstate of =not knowing´- state
of =knowing´ content or
skills.

state of =not knowing´- state

of =knowing´ content or
skills.

 
m

   
5.
dapaion

º  
4. eneralizaion
3. Mainenance

Œ
 
2. Proficiency and

omaiciy
1.
cq isiion and
reversion
   ë  
 


h Acquisition and Reversion
the initial objective of teaching is for the
student to acquire knowledge and skills
meaningfully.
the content and the skills learned earlier
are further strengthened to increase
accuracy and mastery.
h Proficiency and Automaticity

the learner executes the tasks

immediately and successfully without
the need to recall the procedures.
    
 


h Maintenance
When the student continues to use the
skills thus acquired with proficiency
and automatically over the time
without explicit instruction, coaching,
prompt, help or reinforcement.
h Generalization

Once a skill is learned proficiently,

it should be available for use any
appropriate situation.
    
 


h Adaptation
in the last stage of learning,
the student recognize the need
to apply learned skills in
situations outside the school.
 M
  M


h Doncept 1
Standardized test of mental
ability measure intellectual
functioning.
Doncept 2
IQ scores seem to be
distributed throughout the
population of normal curve.
h Doncept 3
Intelligence testing is not an exact science
Doncept 4
There are children whose IQ scores
fall within the average as well as the
above average areas of the normal curve
who experience learning difficulties.

 

h Introduced in 1963 by Dr. Samuel
Kirk,
well known American special
education expert.
The American National Joint
Dommittee on Learning
Disabilities (NJDLD) issued
the definition of learning
disabilities in 1989
= Learning Disabilities is a generic
term that refers to a heterogeneous
group of disorders manifested by
significant difficulties in the
acquisition and use of listening ,
speaking, reading, writing,
reasoning or mathematical abilities.
It may appear across the life span. It
is also intrinsic to the individual.´
 LEARNING AND
BEHAVIOR
DHARADTERISTIDS
OF DHILDREN WITH
LEARNING
DISABILITIES
 Learning Disabilities may
occur within the life span. The
symptoms and characteristics
can be manifested immediately
after birth, during infancy,
through the school years, and
adulthood.

No two individuals with

learning disabilities are found to
be alike.
h 1. Reading poses the most
difficulty among all the subjects
in the curriculum. The facets of
communication are listening,
speaking, reading and writing.

h Dyslexia refers to a disturbance

in the ability to learn in general
and the ability to learn to read in
particular.
h2. Written Language poses
severe problems in one or more
of the following areas:
handwriting, spelling,
composition and writing which
is illegible and slow.

h3. Spoken Language poses

problems on the mechanical uses
of language.
hDevelopmental Aphasia is a
condition characterized by
loss of speech functions,
often, but not always due to
brain injury.

h4.Pragmatics or social uses of

language pose problems on
the ability to carry on a
conversation.
h . Mathematics problems are
recognized as second to
deficiencies in reading, language
and spelling.

h 6. These children tend to fail and

be retained in a grade level.

h 7. The common behavior

problems are inattention,
impulsitivity and hyperactivity.
Perceptual, Perceptual-
Motor, and General
Doordination
Problems
Dhildren with learning
h
disabilities exhibit visual
and/or auditory perceptual
disabilities.

hTheyhave difficulty with

physical activities.

hTheyhave problems with

attention and difficulty.
hMemory, Dognitive
and Metacognitive
Problems
hAttention Deficits ± the deficit in
attention results to inefficient
learning or no learning at all.

hPoor Memory

hProblemsin Social
Dompetence
DAUSES OF
LEARNING
DISABILITIES
h attributed to genetic and environmental
factors.

embryos separating

Monozycotic/Identical fraternal/dizycotic
THE BODY¶S DONTROL
SYSTEM
Brain and Nerves
-makes up just 2% of
the average adults
weight but uses 20%
of oxygen intake
 3 major areas in the Brain

Derebrum Derebellum Brainstem

Donscious activities and intelligence

DEREBRAL DORTEX
- Process information from and
for different parts of the body.

- Somatosensory strip- sensations

- Motor strip- muscles
Derebellum- coordinates movement and
balance

Thalamus- acts as a sort of junction box

Medulla Oblongata- heart rate and

breathing

Brain Stem- connects brain to the spinal

cord
 hMale- 1.4 kgs/ 3lbs
h Female 1.2 kgs/ 2.7
h-20 years
NERVOUS SYSTEM
- A network of nerve extends
throughout our bodies, carrying
information to the brain and
instructions from it.

Dentral Nervous System

Brain Spinal Dord

 GENETID FADTORS IN
LEARNING DISABILITIES
- Donstitutes a heterogeneous set of
conditions with no single syndrome not a
single cause/etiology

GENETID DAUSES

Brain Damage Biochemical Imbalance

1. BRAIN DAMAGE
- Neurological Dysfunction/ DNS
pathology

Hereditary Innate Dongenital

ADVANDED TEDHNOLOGIES TO
ASSES BRAIN ADTIVITIES MORE
ADDURATELY

EEG
DT-Scan MRI
2. BIODHEMIDAL IMBALANDE

3. ENVIRONMENTAL FADTORS

X emotional disturbance
X lack of motivation
X poor instruction