What is Relays ?

Relay is a sensing device, which senses the abnormal

condition in the equipment or system to be protected and
accordingly provide the trip signal to isolate the faulty part
from the system.
There are mainly three functions:
- To isolate the Faulty Part from the Healthy System
- To reduce the severity of the faults by quickly disconnecting
the equipment. However, relay could not avoid the happening
of the fault.
- To provide alarm, so that Operator or Controller may take
suitable action before any damage.
Elements of Protection System
Sensing Element: Which is used to sense the abnormal condition.
e.g. CT, PT, Temperature Sensors, DC Shunts etc.
Protection Device: Which is used to process the signals coming
from the Sensing element and accordingly provide the Trip &
Alarm signals, when crosses the threshold values.
Auxiliary Supply: Which is required for the functioning of the
Protection Devices or Relays. Auxiliary Supply may be AC or
DC. But DC power supply is more reliable and thus used
extensively.
Trip Circuit: Which receives the trip signal issued by the relay
and accordingly isolates the faulty equipment or system from the
healthy equipment or system.
Generator Protection Relays
There are following Generator Protection Relays:
1. Generator Differential Protection (87G)
2. Stator Ground Fault (64G-1 & 64G-2)
3. Reverse Power Protection (32-1 & 32-2)
4. Negative Phase Sequence Protection (46G)
5. Loss of Excitation Relay (40G)
6. Over-Fluxing Protection (Volt / Hz)
7. Generator-Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64R)
8. Over-Temperature Protection (49G)
9. Under-Frequency Protection (81-1, 81-2 & 81-3)
10. Voltage Restrained Over-current Protection (51V)
11. Offset Mho Blocking relay (21G)
12. Under-Voltage & Over-Voltage Protection (21U & 21O)
13. Excitation Fault
14. Generator Liquid Level V.High
15. Overall Differential Protection (87T)
 High Speed Differential Protection (87G)
Neutral Side CT Phase Side CT
Gen.

Internal
I2
External

I1
87G
I1-I2

Restraining Coil
Restraining Torque Current I1 X Current I2
Operating Torque (Current in Operating Coil)2
Characteristics of High Speed 87G Relay
I1: Current in 1st CT CT Margin Error (10%)
I2: Current in 2nd CT
t: Operating Time

+Ve Torque
Region
I1
t
-Ve Torque
Region

I2 I2 I1-I2
Generator Stator Ground Fault Protection (64G):

Protects only 90-

95% Area of Stator Gen.
64G-1 is basically
a Voltage Operated
Relay
10.5KV/240 R
V, 10 KVA 64G-1
Resistance is used
to change the
sensitivity of the
Relay.
 100% Stator Ground Fault Protection 64G-2

12.5 Hz Generator Source is used to

provide Signal.
In healthy condition, the signal flow is
very small;only due to stray capacitance
Gen. of Generator windings

During Ground
M
Fault, Primary
64G-2
10.5KV/240 Impedance value
V, 10 KVA 12.5 Hz decreases causing
Source more current to flow
in circuit and thus
operate the relay.
Reverse Power Protection (32G)
Occurs, when Prime Mover Failed i.e. Turbine Tripped
Acts like an Synchronous Motor during Reverse Power.
Reverse Power is primarily used for the protection of the
Prime Mover or Turbine. It may damage the Blades.
Normal Motoring Power flow is approx. in the range of 0.5
4.0 % of the Machine Rating. However, Generator
manufacturer provides the exact range.
Stage-1; 32-1: When Turbine Tripped & Reverse Power
flows for 2 Seconds
Stage-2; 32-2: When Reverse Power flows for 10 Seconds
Reverse Power Protection (32G) Logics

32-2 :
After 10 Sec, 86G
Rev. Pwr. Operated

32-1 :
After 2 Sec, 86G
Rev. Pwr. Turbine Trip Operated

Mainly affects the Prime Mover i.e. Turbine

Unbalance Protection (46T & 46A):
Possible Reasons: Unbalanced Loads, Unbalanced or
Unsymmetrical Faults
Unbalance Current set-up Counter Rotating Flux field
in the machine. Due to double frequency, heating of the
rotor increases.
Capability of the Machine to withstand heating: I 22T,
which is constant.
Unbalance Capability Curve of a particular Generator
is provided by the Generator Manufacturer.
Unbalance protection dont harm the Generator
immediately.
Negative Phase Sequence Diagram

Clockwise Direction Anti-Clockwise Direction

50 Hz 50 Hz

Y R Y R

Relative Frequency:
100 Hz
B B

+Ve Sequence Parameter -Ve Sequence Parameter

Differential Protection (87T)

Neutral Side CT Phase Side CT

Gen.
+GT
Internal External
I2

I1
87T
I1-I2

Restraining Coil
Characteristics of Differential Protection (87T)

I2f/I1f: Blocks, when

I1-I2 DC exceeds the set value.
(Due to Inrush Current)
I5f/I1f> block, when
ratio exceeds certain value
and releases the blocking
if exceeds I5f/I1f>> (Due
Min. P.U.
Value to Over-excitation)
(I1+I2)/2
Loss of Excitation Relay (40G)
To detect loss of field in the Generator
There are 2 Mho Characteristics with adjustable reach,
offset & time delay (40-1 & 40-2).
Blocked on Fuse Failure Protection
Possible Reasons: Inadvertent tripping of Field Breaker,
Open or Short in the Field Winding, AVR failure, Loss of
Source to Field Winding
After Loss of Excitation, Generator acts like an
Induction Generator & receive the excitation from the
system. Speed also increases above Synchronous Speed
and losses its Synchronism with the system.
40-1 & 40-2 +X Time Delay
40-1 : 0.06 Sec.
40-2 : 2.0 Sec.

-R Xd/2 +R
C1

C2

R1 Zb
Xd

R2
40-1 40-2
Zb: Base Impedance of
Machine
Xd: Trans. React. of M/c Dia. of 40-1: Zb/2
Xd: Synch. React. of M/c -X Dia. of 40-2: Xd
Offset: Xd/2
Under-Frequency Protection (81U):
Cause: Occurs mainly due to System Disturbances & Jerks,
when Grid Connected Mode or during Mismatch between
Generation & Load during Grid Isolated Mode.
Effect: Vibration in the last Stage of the Turbine Blades.
Stage-1 (81-1): Provides Alarm (48 Hz, Inst.)
Stage-2 (81-2): Operates 86GB or Trip GCB (47.5 Hz, 6 Sec.)
Stage-3 (81-3): Operates 86GA (47 Hz, 1 Sec.)
 Basic Insulation
Rotor Earth Fault Protection (TG # 6&7): Characteristics

Wheatstone Bridge Principle

CK1
R
R
PT
Sup CK2
ply Grnd. Slip Ring
C

Generator-Rotor Shaft
-Ve Slip Ring
C= 1
1 1
+ CR CR: Capacitance of
CK1+CK2 Rotor Winding

For Further Processing

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS

Differential Protection (87T)

Over-current Protection
Buchholz Relay (Main Tank & OLTC)
Fault Pressure Relay
Winding Temperature High & Oil Temperature High
Pressure Relief Valve (PRV)
Restricted Earth Fault Relay
 TRIP LOGICS IN DIFFERENT UNITS EXCEPT # 5
Prot. #1&2 # 3&4 # 6,7&8 # 9&10

87G 86G 86G 86GA 86GA

87T 86G 86G 86GA 86GA

87AT 86G 86G 86GA 86GA

64G 86G 86G 86GA 86GA

64R 86G 86G 86GA 86GA

40G 86G 86G 86GA 86GA

46G 86G GCB TRIP 86GB 86GB

21G-1 GCB TRIP GCB TRIP 86GB 86GB

21G-2 86G 86G 86GA 86GA

Continued from previous page
Prot. #1&2 # 3&4 # 6,7&8 # 9&10

32-1 & 32-2 86G with 86G 86GA 86GA

Miniature Sw.
49G Alarm Alarm Alarm Alarm

81U-1 - - - Alarm
81U-2 86GB
81U-3 86GA
51V - - 86GA 86GA

99T #1: Alarm 86G 86GA 86GA

#2: GCB Trip
51TN 86G GCB Trip 86GB 86GB

Gen. LLD - - 86GA 86GA

 TRIP LOGICS IN TG # 5
Protection TG # 5
I87G I86G
I40G I86G
I32G I86G
I21G (Stage-1) I86G
99T I86G
I87T I86G
I64AT I86G
I50AT (10.5 KV Side CT) I86G
I50T (132KV Neutral CT) I86G
II64G II86G
II64R II86G
II87T & II87AT II86G
II50G II86G
II50/51ET II86G
 DRAWINGS: TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION RELAY
Trip Circuit

DC + DC -
Trip Contacts
52a
Trip
Coil

Post-Close Trip 52b

Supervision

95A

95B
Pre-Close Trip Supervision

95A

95C

95B
Distance Protection of Transmission Lines
When fault occurs, Voltage reduces & Current increases.
Distance relay sense ratio (V/I).
During fault, ZFault < ZNormal, When value of ZFault reduces below
the set value, then it operates.

Relay Location
F Fault Location
Power Flow

Voltage

F
Distance
ZNormal = V/I = 110 V / 1 A = 110 Ohms Secondary Impedance
ZFault = VF/IF
During Fault: VF < V and IF > I
Thus value of ZFault decreases during fault.
Note: As we moves from Fault Point to Relay Measurement
Location, the value of Fault Voltages will be in increasing
order.At fault location F, value of VF will be minimum.
So, ZF < Z
 Line Characteristics
Mho Characteristics:
Z3
Zone-1: Approx. 80 % of Line +X
Length
Z2
Time Delay: Instant
Zone-2: Approx. 150 % of
Total Length Z1

Time Delay: 300-400 ms

Zone-3: Approx. 200 % of
Total Length
Time Delay: 700 ms 1 Sec. +R
Zone-4: Approx. 10% in Rev.
Direction
Z4
Time Delay: 1 Sec.
 Quadrilateral Characteristics (REL100)
+X
Z3
Resistance & Reactance
values may be individually
Z2
& independently set.
Maximum Resistive
coverage for all faults
Z1
In REL100 Relay, =
150
Circular characteristics
has less flexibilities for
Z4
= 150 +R settings.
Quadrilateral Characteristics (MicomP442)
+X
Z3

Z2

Z1

= 1500
= 300 +R

Z4
Some terms used in Distance Protection:
Under-Reach: Failure of Distance Relay to operate within the set
protected distance
Over-Reach: Operation of Distance Relay for a fault beyond its set
protected distance.
PUTT Logic: Permissive Under-Reach Transfer Trip
POTT Logic: Permissive Over-Reach Transfer Trip
Power Swing: Power Swing is the temporary 3-Phase Fault
condition, which occurs due to sudden change in heavy loads in the
connected system. As this is the temporary fault, equipment should
not trip due to Power Swing. Travel Speed of Power Swing is
comparatively slow compared to fault condition (Approx. 50 ms
200 ms).
 MOTOR PROTECTION RELAY (SPAM150C)
I/In: Setting of Full Load Current (0.5 1.5 In)
t6x (s): Setting of Curve (2 120 Sec.)
P (%): Weighing Factor
a (%): Thermal Prior Alarm (50 100%)
i (%): Thermal Restart Inhibit (20 80%)
Kc: Cooling Time Constant (1 64 x Heat Time Constant)
Is/In: Starting Current (1 10 In)
ts (s): Operating Time for Is (0.05 30 s)
I>>/In: High Set Over-current (0.5 20 In & )
T>> (s): Operating Time for I>> (0.04 30 Sec.)
I0 (%In): Earth Fault Protection (1 100% In)
T0 (s): Operate Time for I0 (0.05 30 Sec.)
I (%IL): Unbalance Current Setting (10 5 40 % of IL & )
t (s): Curve for I (20 120 s)
I< (% I) : Undercurrent Protection (30 80 % of I)
t< (s) : Operate Time of I< (2 600 s)
tsi (s) : Time based Start Inhibit Counter (5 500 s)

ts (s/h) : Countdown rate of Start Time Counter (2 250 s/hr.)

Additional Features
Doubling Feature: Setting of High Set Over-current (I>>) is
doubled during a motor start up.
For activation: Select SGF/2 = 1
Earth Fault Trip Inhibit during Starting:
SGF/3 = 0 SGF/3 = 1
SGF/4 = 0 No inhibit Inhibit at 4 times FLC

SGF/4 = 1 Inhibit at 6 times FLC Inhibit at 8 times FLC

SGF1: High Set (I>>) in Use

SGF2: Doubling Feature Active
SGF5: Unbalance Protection Active
SGF7: 0 DT Supervision, 1 Is2t Supervision
SGF8: I< Active