ESTIMATION OF GROUND

WATER RECHARGE

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

PROF. ANUPAM MITTAL KRISHAN KUMAR
31702205
A. INTRODUCTION
It is hydrologic process when water moves
downward from surface to groundwater.
Recharge is primary method through which
ground water enters an aquifer.
This process occurs in VADOSE ZONE.
Recharge occurs both Naturally (Water cycle)
and through Anthropogenic processes .
WHY WE NEED ANTHROPOGENIC
PROCESSES?
Increase in population at much faster rate
Overexploitation of ground water.
Natural mode of ground water recharging (Rain ,
Snow and Surface water) is very slow.
Recharge may be impeded somewhat human
activities including paving development or
logging. These activities can result in loss of top
soil resulting in reduced in-filteration.
B. How recharge can help in
other ways than increasing
water table
MULTIPURPOSE
It moves excess salts that accumulate in root zone
to deeper soil.
Flooding temporarily increases river bed
permeability by moving clay soils downstream and
increases aquifer recharge.
Trees roots increase water saturation into ground
water reducing water runoff.
C. ESTIMATION OF NATURAL
GROUND WATER
1. SOIL WATER BALANCE METHOD
2. ZERO FLUX PLANE METHOD
3. 1-D SOIL WATER FLOW MODEL
4. INVERSE MODELLING TECHNIQUE
5. GROUND WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION
6. HYBRID WATER FLUCTUATION METHOD
7. GROUND WATER BALANCE METHOD
8. ISOTOPE AND SOLUTE PROFILE TECH.
1. SOIL WATER BALANCE
METHOD
Developed in 1940 and later revised in 1948
Bookkeeping procedure which estimates the balance
between the inflow and outflow of water
Volume of water required to saturate the soil is expressed
as an equivalent depth of water and is called soil water
deficit
Soil water balance can be represented by
Ri=P- Ea+W-R0
Ri=Recharge, P=Precipitation , Ea= Actual transpiratuon ,
W= Change in water storage
SOIL WATER BALANCE METHOD
CONT.
The data requirement of the soil water balance
method is large
When applying this method to estimate the
recharge for a catchment area the calculation
should be repeated for areas with different
precipitation, evapotranspiration , crop type,
soil type
2. ZERO FLUX PLANE METHOD
The zero flux plane method relies on the
location of a plane of zero hydraulic gradient in
the soil profile.
The position of the zero flux plane is usually
determined by tensiometer.
Darcy law gives the flux q defined as the volume
of water per unit time passing through the unit
area at any depth.
q= K i A
K=Hydraulic Conductivity
ZERO FLUX METHOD CONT.
The hydraulic conductivity estimation presents
more problems such as:-
1. K may varies with different factors such as
permeability of the material , degree of
saturation ,density , viscosity.
2. K depends on the place even in partly
homogeneous.
3.1-D SOIL WATER FLOW MODEL
For recharge to occur , water has to move through the
unsaturated zone until it reaches the water table.
Flow conditions within this zone are far more complex
than the flow mechanisms in a saturated aquifer.
The equation of moisture retention curve is a non
linear relation to the water content.
Since moisture retention curve can only be
determined experimentally, its true behaviour in
practice is only known at a finite number of points.
Best and most obvious method is by interpolation but
this method can only be successful in those cases
where the experimental points are closely spaced.
Water retention curve
1-D SOIL WATER FLOW MODEL
CONT
Acc. to Van Genuchten (1980)
Moisture retention curve is expressed by
S=[1+(h)m]-n
m and n are characteristics constants which have
to be determined for every soil type
m=[1-(1/n)]
This equation expresses the moisture retention
curves not in terms of the water content but rather
in terms of the reduced water content by the
equation
4. INVERSE MODELLING
TECHNIQUE
It is two dimensional finite element ground water
model of saturated zone.
Current methods of calibrating ground water flow
model are either direct or indirect.
Indirect approach is essentially a trial and error
procedure that seeks to improve an existing
estimate approach of parameters in an iterative
manner , until the model response is sufficiently
close to that real system.
The direct approach is different in that it treats the
model parameters as dependent variables in a
formal boundary value problems.
INVERSE MODELLING
TECHNIQUE CONT
The calculations of recharge of an aquifer by
this method must be regarded with cautions if
the true S (Storage Coefficient) and caliberated
S values have large difference.
However the caliberated S values can be
regarded as being very close to real values.
This technique can be of much use in
describing the behaviour of the aquifer to the
recharge phenomenon in general.
5. GROUND WATER LEVEL
FLUCTUATION METHOD
Indirect method of deducing the recharge from
the fluctuation of the water table.
The rise in the water table during the rainy
season with the remainder of the year being
relatively dry.
Assumption is that water table is primarily due
to rainfall recharge, other factor such as
pumping or irrigation during rainy season dont
have any influence.
GROUND WATER FLUCTUATION
METHOD CONT.
Basic limitation of this method is that it
neglects the subsurface inflow and outflow and
assumes every inflow and outflow is uniformly
distributed over the area.
Moreover this method is dependent on the
values of Specific Yield which is difficult to
determine since water table fluctuation occurs
in the partially saturated zone.
6. HYBRID WATER
FLUCTUATION METHOD
This method is generally reliable for estimating
natural ground water recharge in relatively flat
areas with a shallow water table (less than 1o
meter).
By associating water table rises, specific
precipitation soil water balance analysis and
certain studies at different site we find caliberated
effective storativity values.
This value can be used to translate each major
water table rise tied to a specific storm period into
a corresponding amount of ground water recharge.
7. GROUND WATER BALANCE
METHOD
I-O=W/T
I=Inflow (cubic meter per day) during t
O=Outflow (cubic meter per day) during t
We generally use this method during flood
routing
8. ISOTOPE AND SOLUTE
PROFILE TECHNIQUES
Isotopes 2H, 3H, 18O, 14C are commonly used in
recharge studies of which the first three are
most accurately simulate the movement of
water molecule.
A radioactive tracer provides a means of tracing
water movement of water through the
unsaturated zone.
In principle any traces with negligible
adsorption may be used but tritium is
preferred.
ISOTOPE AND SOLUTE PROFILE
TECHNIQUES CONT
Tritium may be artificially introduced or
environmental tritium may be used.
Disadvantages of environmental tritium:-
A. Not conservative lost due to evapotranspiration
B. Contamination during sampling
C. Analysis is highly specialized and costly
D. Quantitative studies are difficult to achieve
Chloride is suitable tracer in coastal areas.
 CONCLUSION
While estimating natural ground water recharge
it is essential to have a good idea of different
recharge mechanism and importance in study
area.
Economy is too important factor.
No single comprehensive estimation technique
can yet be identified from spectrum of those
available which gives reliable results.
SOURCES OF GROUND WATER
CONTAMINATION
Just as ground water generally moves slowly so do contaminants
in ground water because of this slow movement contaminants
tends to remain concentrated in the form of a plume that flows
same path as ground water.
1. Natural sources (iron ,arsenic ,fluorides, chlorides
,radioactive nuclides) in rocks.
2. Improper disposal of hazardous waste
3. Releases and spills from stored chemicals and petroleum
products
4. Landfills
5. Surface impoundments
6. Sewer and other pipelines
7. Pesticides and fertilizers
E. CASE STUDY DETAILS AND
GOVERNMENT PROJECTS
STATE-HARYANA
DISTRICT-MOHINDERGARH (Located in western part of
Haryana shares boundary with Rajasthan state)
NORMAL ANNUAL RAINFALL-500 m.m
This region falls in category of DANGER ZONE by C.G.W.B
(Central Ground Water Board)
GEOMORPHOLOGY-Alluvial plains
Drainage- Dohan and Krishnawati
From 2000 to 2016 in M.garh the underground water level
declined from 25.01 m to 45.18 m
DISCHARGE RANGE (Liter/min)-220 to 1200 L.P.M
IN HARD ROCK -100 to 1325 L.P.M
MAP
CONT.
TRANSMISIVITY VALUE-150 to 810 m2/day
MAX. TEMP.-41OC
MIN. TEMP.-5.6OC
You have no permission for commercial bore-well unless it is for
drinking purpose.
NOTE- THERE IS ALWAYS A DEBATE DUE TO UNCERTAINITY OF
SOIL PARAMETERS.
OBSERVATION WELLS-33
SELECTION OF SITE
1. SUB SURFACE GEOLOGY
2. PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF IMPERMEABLE LAYERS THAT CAN
IMPEDE PERCOLATION
3. DEPTH OF WATER TABLE AND GROUND WATER FLOW
DIRECTIONS
4. MAXIMUM RATE OF RECHARGE THAT COULD BE ACHIEVED
AT THE SITE.
SOIL AND AQUIFER PROPERTIES AND
THEIR EFFECT ON ON GROUND
WATER
The amount of ground water recharge, storage
discharge, as well as the extent of ground water
contamination; all depends on soil properties
texture, porosity, specific yield, permeability,
attenuation capacity (soils filtering ability)
The ability to reduce the severity of ground
water contamination is called soil attenuation
To protect foundation structures
CONT
Effective stress is effected by pore water pressure
which mainly depends on location of water
table.
Effective stress is the parameter on which
compressibility, consolidation , settlement ,
shear strength and bearing capacity depends
directly.
With rise in water table effective stress
decreases
Due to downward seepage effective stress at any
point increases
EFFECT OF WATER TABLE ON SAFE
BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL
Bearing capacity decreases when water content
increases
Usually soils have higher bearing capacity at
deeper depth therefore it is good to have prior
knowledge of water table of that zone.
Thank you