BUILDING VENTILATION

TECHNIQUES

HARSHITA SEHGAL
VANSHIKA BHATIA
SUHANI TANDON
MANASVI JINDAL
RISHAB BHOLA
SIMRAN GARG
SONAL AGGARWAL
BHASKAR AATRAY

SECTION-B SEMESTER 4
 VENTILATION

Ventilation moves outdoor air into a building or a room,

and distributes the air within the building or room.
The general purpose of ventilation in building
is to provide healthy air for breathing by
both diluting the pollutants originating in the building and
removing the pollutants from it.
 NEED FOR VENTILATION
Ventilation is necessary in buildings to remove
stale air and replace it with fresh air:
Helping to moderate internal temperatures.
Replenishing oxygen.
Reducing the accumulation of moisture, odors,
bacteria, dust, carbon dioxide, smoke and other
contaminants that can build up during occupied
periods.
Creating air movement which improves the
comfort of occupants.
 WHAT IS NATURAL VENTILATION ?
NATURAL VENTILATION IS THE PROCESS OF SUPPLYING AND
REMOVING AIR THROUGH A SPACE BY NATURAL MEANS IT
CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH OPENABLE WINDOWS OR TRICKLE
VENTS.
THIS NATURAL VENTILATION OF BUILDINGS DEPENDS ON
CLIMATE, BUILDING DESIGN AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
NATURAL VENTILATION TYPES

WIND

BUOYANCY
 WIND

WIND BLOWS THROUGH INLET ON

WINDWARD SIDE
AND COMES OUT FROM LEEWARD
SIDE FROM OPENINGS AND ROOF.
 BUOYANCY:-
BUOYANCY OCCURS WHEN
DIFFERENCE IN
TEMPERATURE OF OUTDOOR
AND INDOOR AIR

IT CAN BE TEMPERATURE
INDUCED :- EG. STACK
VENTILATION

OR IT CAN BE HUMIDITY
INDUCED :- EG. COOL
TOWER
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE :-
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WARM AIR
INSIDE AND COOL AIR OUTSIDE CAN CAUSE THE AIR IN
THE ROOM TO RISE AND EXIT AT THE CEILING OR
RIDGE, AND ENTER VIA LOWER OPENINGS IN THE
WALL.
 HUMIDITY INDUCED:-
THE COOL AIR IS HEAVY DUE TO ITS HUMDITY
CONTENT AND DROPS DOWN TO THE INDOOR
AREA .
IT CAN BE ACHIEVED PROPERLY WITH A COOL
TOWER OR WIND CATCHER OR MALQAF AND
BADGIR
COOL TOWER VENTILATION IS ONLY EFFECTIVE
WHERE OUTDOOR HUMIDITY IS VERY LOW
NATURAL VENTILATION EXTERNAL
FEATURES:-
ORIENTATION OF BUILDINGS
POSITION OF OPENINGS
CROSS VENTILATION
SIZE OF OPENINGS
OPENING TYPES
 ORIENTATION
The greatest pressure on the windward side of
a building is generated when the elevation is at
right angles to the wind direction, so it seems
to be obvious that the greatest indoor air
velocity will be achieved in this case.
A wind incidence of 45 would reduce the
pressure by 50%.
Thus the designer must ascertain the
prevailing wind direction from wind frequency
charts of wind roses and must orientate his
building in such a way that the largest openings
are facing the wind direction.
It has, however, been found by Givoni that a
wind incidence at 45 would increase the
average indoor air velocity and would provide a
better distribution of indoor air movement.
 MASSING AND ORIENTATION OF BUILDING:-
Massing & Orientation for Cooling - As a general rule, thin tall buildings will encourage natural
ventilation and utilize prevailing winds, cross ventilation, and stack effect.
Massing Strategies for Passive Cooling - Thinner buildings increase the ratio of surface area to
volume. This will make utilizing natural ventilation for passive cooling easy. Conversely, a deep
floor plan will make natural ventilation difficult-especially getting air into the core of the building
and may require mechanical ventilation. Tall buildings also increase the effectiveness of natural
ventilation, because wind speeds are faster at greater heights. This improves not only cross
ventilation but also stack effect ventilation.

AS A GENERAL RULE, THIN TALL BUILDINGS

WILL ENCOURAGE NATURAL VENTILATION
AND UTILIZE PREVAILING WINDS, CROSS
VENTILATION, AND STACK EFFECT.
TALL BUILDINGS ALSO INCREASE THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURAL VENTILATION,
BECAUSE WIND SPEEDS ARE FASTER AT
GREATER HEIGHTS

Tall buildings improve natural

ventilation, and in lower latitudes
reduce sun exposure.
 OREINTATION :-
ORIENTING THE BUILDING SO
THAT THE SHORTER AXIS ALIGN
WITH THE PREVAILING WIND

WHILE ORIENTING IT
PERPENDICULAR TO PREVAILING
WINDS WILL PROVIDE THE LEAST
PASSIVE VENTILATION.
 EXTERNAL FEATURES
WING WALLS
Wing walls project outward next to a window, so that even a slight breeze against the
wall creates a high pressure zone on one side and low on the other. The pressure
differential draws outdoor air in through one open window and out the adjacent one.
Wing walls are especially effective on sites with low outdoor air velocity and variable
wind directions.
 CROSS VENTILATION
When placing ventilation openings, inlets and outlets are
placed to optimize the path air follows through the
building. Windows or vents placed on opposite sides of the
building give natural breezes a pathway through the
structure. This is called cross-ventilation. Cross-ventilation
is generally the most effective form of wind ventilation.
 CROSS VENTILATION
It is generally best not to place openings exactly across from each other in a
space. While this does give effective ventilation, it can cause some parts of the
room to be well-cooled and ventilated while other parts are not. Placing
openings across from, but not directly opposite, each other causes the room's
air to mix, better distributing the cooling and fresh air. Also, cross ventilation
can be increased by having larger openings on the leeward faces of the
building that the windward faces and placing inlets at higher pressure zones
and outlets at lower pressure zones.
 OPENING SIZE:-

SMALL
LARGE INLET
OUTLET

Pairing a large outlet with a small inlet

increases incoming wind speed.
 CONTROL OF OPENING
Sashes, canopies, louvres and other
elements controlling the openings,
also influence the indoor air flow
pattern.
AIRFLOW AROUND BUILDINGS

If a low building is located in the

wind shadow of a Tall block ,
the increase in height of the
obstructing block will increase
the air flow Through the low
building in a direction opposite
to that of the wind. The lower
(return-) wing of a Large vortex
would pass through the
building.
 AIRFLOW AROUND BUILDINGS
if in a rural setting in open country, single storey buildings are placed in rows in a
grid-iron pattern, stagnant air zones leeward from the first row will overlap the
second row . A spacing of six times the building height is necessary to 129 ensure
adequate air movement for the second row. Thus the 'five times height' rule for
spacing is not quite satisfactory

in a similar setting, if the buildings are staggered in a checker-

board pattern, the flow field is much more uniform, stagnant air
zones are almost eliminated.
 WHY NATURAL VENTILATION
AND AGAIN DUE
TO ENERGY CRISIS
AND COMPLEXITY
OF INSTALLATION
AND FOR THE
NEW LINE OF
EVOLUTION
PEOPLE STARTED
USING NATURAL
VENTILATION

FLOW OF AIR IN KANCHANJANGA APARTMENT MUMBAI

DISADVANTAGES
 STACK EFFECT :-
STACK EFFECT DEPENDS ON THERMAL FORCES AND
DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE .
REASON OF STACK EFFECT :-
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OUTSIDE AIR
AND THE AIR INSIDE THE BUILDING CAUSED BY
DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE

Outdoor air Outdoor air

Section
 STACK VENTILATION SECTIONS :-

TALL ROOMS TALL ROOMS AT EDGE

TALL ROOMS WITHIN STAIRS AS STACK

 WIND TOWER
AIR ENTERS IN WIND TOWER
THROUGH OPENINGS- COOLED
DOWN- BECOMES HEAVIER AND
SINKS DOWN ( PRESENCE OF AIR
MOVEMENT)

AFTER WHOLE DAY AIR EXCHANGE

TOWER BECOMES WARM IN THE
EVENING .

TOWER WALLS ABSORBS HEAT

DURING DAYTIME AND RELEASES
AT NIGHT WARMING COOL NIGHT
AIR AT NIGHT.
WIND TOWER

A TYPICAL WIND TOWER SECTION

 DIFFERENT TYPES OF WIND TOWERS :-

WATER SUPPLY

EVAPORATIVE COOLING

MULTI DIRECTIONAL WIND CATCHER

WIND TOWER AND EVAPORATIVE
TECHNIQUE USED IN INDIA :-
VENTS CONNECTING WIND
TOWER

A VIEW OF THE WIND TOWER

USED IN A HOSTEL BUILDING
(JODHPUR)
 WIND TOWER AND EVAPORATIVE
TECHNIQUE USED IN INDIA :-

SECTION OF THE BUILDING

EVAPORATIVE COOLING
SYSTEM IN TORRENT RESEARCH
CENTRE, (AHMEDABAD)
PLAN OF THE BUILDING
 DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
WHILE BUILDING IN
VARIOUS CLIMATIC
ZONES OF INDIA
Homes in cold cloudy climate zone(Shimla) - Try incorporating the following in your
building plans:

Air heating panels as a part of the south wall will provide effective heat gain
Careful integration of windows and light shelves ensures effective daylight distribution
Double glazed windows with proper sealing
Insulated walls on the north to prevent heat loss
Solar chimney, solar water heater, PV cells, solar heat collector
Specially designed solarium in the south for heat gain
Air lock lobby at the main entrance

Homes in cold sunny climates (Leh) - Try incorporating the following in your building
plans:

The north side can be designed as solid walls to prevent heat loss
Double glazed surface on the south face
Thick composite wall on the other three sides will increase the thermal lag
Keep the service space in the north side and the living space on the south side
Trombe walls for the bedroom

Homes in warm humid climates - Try incorporating the following in your building plans:

Space planning is critical to reduce air conditioning load

The ground surface in the south and east sides can be covered with grass
Vegetation and water bodies act as modifiers of micro climate
Homes in Bangalore - Try incorporating the following in your building plans:

Induce natural light through the north east and north west
Precast hollow terracotta can be used to insulate the roof
Thick walls in the south and south west side
A roof garden
PV and solar water heating

Homes in Delhi - Try incorporating the following in your building plans:

The primary aim is to cut the summer sun and allow the winter sun
China mosaic, polyurethane board, RCC slabs can be used for the roof
Mosquito proof the evaporation cooler
External windows can be designed with double rebate
White finish on exteriors would be a good choice
Dense vegetation can modify ambient conditions
Load bearing structures reduces embodied energy by reducing consumption of
concrete and steel
Summer heat can be reduced by improving cross ventilation, air cavities in
walls and the roof, earth beams, shading and overhangs, vegetation, water
surfaces, earth tunnel systems
Winter heat gain can be improved by direct gain through the windows, earth
tunnel systems etc
 COURTYARD EFFECT:-
DUE TO INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION IN A COURTYARD,
AIR GETS WARMER AND RISES , COOL AIR FROM
GROUND LEVEL FLOWS THROUGH THE LOWER
OPENINGS
RADIATION TO SKY

LANDSCAPE OR WATER BODY

SECTION SHOWING COURTYARD EFFECT
 HOW COURTYARD EFFECT WORK:-
IN SUCH PLACES NIGHT VENTILATION IS NOT VERY EFFECTIVE FOR
COOLING AND NIGHT SKY RADIATION IS THE ONLY ANSWER.
TO FACILITATE THE MOMENT OF
PARAPET TOWARDS ROAD
COOL AIR INTO THE
SIDE TO AVOID OUTSIDE
HOUSE,PARAPETS ARE NOT BUILT
HEAT
TOWARDS LIVING AREA

SECTION OF SAHAJANABAD DELHI

COURTYARD IN MODERN BUILDING :-

VIEW

SUNKEN COURTYARD INSIDE

THE BUILDING WITH WATER
BODY AND LANDSCAPE
PLAN
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INDIAN STUDIES (GURGAON):-
 OPENING TYPE:-

OPENING CAN BE ANY TYPE ACCORDING TO THE

BUILDING TYPE AND CLIMATIC CONDITION
COMPARISON
 REFERENCES
http://greenpeace.in/greenliving/green-home-home-
architecture.html#

http://www.new-
learn.info/packages/clear/thermal/climate/diversity/india/index.htm
l

http://www.bse.polyu.edu.hk/researchCentre/Fire_Engineering/sum
mary_of_output/journal/IJAS/V8/p114-121.pdf

http://www.projectsmonitor.com/guest-articles/climate-responsive-
design-conforming-with-nature/