Categorical Propositions

A judgment is a mental activity that requires two

subject matters to be compared.
The steps in making judgment:
1.Comprehension of concepts the mind must
consider and comprehend the two concepts about
which a judgment has to be made.
2. Comparison of concepts the mind should proceed
to compare these two concepts.
3.Pronouncement the mind should pronounce either
an agreement or disagreement between two
concepts.
An proposition is traditionally defined as a
statement of a fact which either true or false.
1. A proposition is a statement of a fact. It is a
declaration of information about circumstances
that exist or events that have occurred.
Ex. Philippines was a colony of Spain.
2. A proposition is either true or false truth and
falsity are attributed only to propositions and
not to terms or concepts.
Ex. All men are rational animals.
The Types of Propositions:
1. The single propositions (categorical)
It can be easily determined because it
consists only one subject term and one
predicate term.
Ex. Man is a creature.
2. The multiple Propositions(hypothetical)
-are those that contain two or more
propositions united as one.
Ex. John is handsome and a good student.
If Marcos reigns until this day, then there
is no true democracy.
 The Standard Form Categorical
Propositions
The Elements of a standard Form Categorical
Proposition
1. Quantifier- is a word placed before the subject
term which designates the quantity of the subject
term or the proposition as either universal or
particular.
Three standard quantifiers are:
a. All for universal propositions
b. Some for particular propositions
c. No for universal-negative propositions.
The quantity of propositions:

a. Universal proposition- is a proposition

having a universal subject term.
Ex. All schools are learning institutions.
No Lions are dogs.
b. Particular propositions- is a proposition
having a particular subject term.
Ex. Some birds are eagles.
Some Filipinos are not corrupt.
Note: quantifier not all is equivalent to
some are not.
The quality of propositions
a. Affirmative propositions- if the
copula affirms the predicate term
of the subject term.
Ex. The whale is a mammal.
2. Negative propositions- if the
copula denies the predicate term
of the subject term.
Ex. The whale is not a mammal.
2. The predicate term
The quality of the proposition has
something to do with the quantity
of the predicate term. If the
proposition is affirmative, the
quantity of the predicate term is
particular, but if the proposition is
negative, the quantity of the
predicate term is universal.
Ex. All dogs are animals.
(affirmative)
No dogs are cats. (negative)
 The indicators for the Quality and
Quantity of Propositions
To look for the The indicator is the
Quantity of the Subject Quantifier
term
Quantity of the Quantity of the Subject
Proposition term
Quality of the Copula
proposition
Quantity of the Predicate Quality of the
Term Proposition
3. The Four Standard-Form Categorical
Proposition

When we combine the quantity and quality

of propositions we will have four
combinations known as the Four
Standard-Form Categorical Propositions
and each kind is represented by a letter
symbol A, E, I, and O.
 The letter Symbol of the Four
Standard-Form Categorical
Propositions
Letter Symbol Quantity Quality
A Universal Affirmative

E Universal Negative

I Particular Affirmative

O Particular Negative
The A Proposition has four features:

1. The logical structure is All S is P.

2. The quality of the proposition is
affirmative.
3. The quantity of the subject term and the
proposition is universal.
4. The quantity of the predicate term is
particular.
The I Proposition has four features:

1. The logical structure is Some S is P.

2. The quality of the proposition is affirmative.
3. The quantity of the subject term and the
proposition is particular.
4. The quantity of the predicate term is particular.
The E Proposition has four features:

1. The logical structure is No S is P.

2. The quality of the proposition is negative.
3. The quantity of the subject term and the
proposition is universal.
4. The quantity of the predicate term is
universal.
The O Proposition has four features:

1. The logical structure is Some S is not P.

2. The quality of the proposition is negative.
3. The quantity of the subject term and the
proposition is particular.
4. The quantity of the predicate term is
universal.