Asme VIII

ASME SEC VIII Orientation
RULES FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF
PRESSURE VESSELS
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Introduction
From the very founding of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME International) in
1880, discussions were held on standards for shop
drawing symbols, pulleys, machine screws, key seats,
and drawing boards.
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In 1883, a paper was presented on the need to adopt a
set of rules for conducting boiler tests.
Such a test code was published in 1884 and became
ASME's first standard.
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code first published in

1915, is continually revised and updated to keep pace with
new material ,new designs, and new applications
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What is a standard?
A standard can be defined as a set of technical
definitions and guidelines-how to instructions for
designers and manufacturers.
Standards, which can run from a few paragraphs to
hundreds of pages, are written by experts.
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Standards are considered voluntary because they
serve as guidelines, not having the force of law.
What is a code?
A code is a standard that has been adopted by one
or more governmental bodies and has the force of
law, or when it has been incorporated into a
business contract.
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ASME Code Sections
Independent Codes :
Ex.:
ASME Sec II
ASME Sec V
ASME Sec IX
Construction Codes :
Ex.:
ASME VIII
ASME I
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What is a specification?
A detailed description of the parts of a whole: statement
or enumeration of particulars as to actual or required
size, quality, performance, terms, etc.
Examples:
ASTM Material Specifications.
AWS A5.x series for filer metals specifications.
Hint: Consider type of certificate ( 2.2, 3.1, 3.2 )
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ASME P-
No 4 & 5A
ASME P-
No 3
ASME P-
No 5b
ASME P-
No 1
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AWS A5.5
E8018-B2,B3
AWS A5.5
E8018-B9
AWS A5.5
E7018-A1
AWS A5.5
E8018-B6,B8
AWS A5.1
E7018
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Introduction to ASME VIII
Subsections of Division 1
Subsection A General Requirements

Part UG General Requirements for all Methods of Construction and Materials
Subsection B Requirements Pertaining to Methods of Fabrication

Part UW Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Welding
Part UF Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Forging
Part UB Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Brazing
Subsection C Requirements Pertaining to Classes of Materials

Part UCS Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Carbon and
Low-Alloy Steels
Part UNF Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Nonferrous
Materials
Part UHA Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of High-Alloy Steel
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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL METHODS OF PART UG
CONSTRUCTION AND ALL MATERIALS
UG - 1 SCOPE
Part UG establishes general requirements applicable to all pressure

vessels, and shall be used in conjunction with the specific requirements in
Subsections B and C that pertain to the methods of fabrication and materia
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UG-4 GENERAL
(a) This paragraph requires that materials subject to stress due to pressure must be
materials conforming to Section II - Materials Specifications and further limits
these materials to materials listed in the applicable Part of Subsection C, except
where allowed in Part UG.
(b) Non-pressure part materials attached to pressure parts do not have to conform
to Section II, but if welded must be demonstrated to be of weldable quality.
(e ) Materials outside the limits of size and/or thickness established in a material
specification may be used if the material is in compliance with the other
requirements of the specification, and no size or thickness limitations are shown
in the stress tables in Section II Part D.
(f) The selection of the right material for the intended service is very important, and
is stressed here.
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UG-5 through UG-9
These paragraphs provide some general details on the different product

forms. Particular attention should be given to UG-8, which discusses rules
for integrally-finned tubes, and UG-9, which requires welding consumables
to meet the requirements of Section VIII, Section IX, and the welding
procedure to be used.
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UG-10 MATERIALS NOT FULLY IDENTIFIED TO AN

ACCEPTABLE SPECIFICATION
This paragraph provides for the use of materials that are not fully marked
or traceable to Code requirements. It is only allowed to salvage materials
that have lost their full identification, or for unacceptable materials that can
be dual qualified to a material specification that is acceptable under the
rules of the Code.
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DESIGN UG-16 GENERAL
(b) The minimum thickness of shells and heads, after forming and
regardless of service shall be 1/16", exclusive of corrosion allowance.
(c) Plates are allowed an undertolerance of either .01" or 6% of ordered

thickness, whichever is less.
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DESIGN UG-16 GENERAL
(d) Pipe undertolerance shall be per UG-40, which is specified as 12.5% of

nominal thickness. This is VERY important when calculating shells or
nozzles made from pipe, as this undertolerance must be considered and
the next heavier schedule must be used to ensure adequate wall thickness
for the pressure.
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UG-20 DESIGN TEMPERATURE
These paragraphs are often overlooked and are very important to know.
The maximum and minimum metal temperatures MUST be established,
and the minimum temperature may be based not only on operating
conditions, but also atmospheric conditions at the point of installation.
UG-20(f) This paragraph is very often overlooked when applying impact

testing criteria from the other subsections. This paragraph provides for
blanket exemptions to the impact testing rules, provided all the provisions
listed (1-5) are complied with.
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UG-22 LOADINGS
This paragraph requires that external loads from earthquakes and winds;
reactions from piping supports and lugs; pressure vessel weight;
superimposed loads from operating equipment, supports, effects of thermal
reactions and abnormal pressures must be considered when designing a
vessel. Specific rules for considering these loadings are not given in the
Code; however, many designers use the Pressure Vessel Handbook or a
computer program when confronted with these types of design details.
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UG-27 THICKNESS OF SHELLS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
These are the basic design formulas and nomenclature for calculating the
thickness or maximum allowable working pressure of a cylindrical or
spherical vessel shell. Note that these formulas only apply when the
circumferential joint efficiency is less than the longitudinal joint efficiency
and the radius/pressure and pressure/stress ratios are in proportion to one
another. Formulas are given in terms of inside radius. For outside
radius/diameter, the alternative formulas in Appendix 1 may be used.
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The following sections of PART UG deals with the design of

Pressure Vessels:
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Pressure Vessels:
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Pressure Vessels:
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Pressure Vessels:
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Pressure Vessels:
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Pressure Vessels:
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References: UG-27
Cylindrical Shells:
The MAWP or minimum thickness of cylindrical shells shall be greater of the

following as given below:
(1) Based on Circumferential Stress;
t = PR/(SE 0.6P) Or P = SE t / (R + 0.6 t)
(2) Based on Longitudinal Stress;
t = PR/(2SE + 0.4P) Or P = 2SE t / (R - 0.4 t)
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Spherical Shells:
The MAWP or minimum thickness of spherical shells as given

below:
t = PR/(2SE 0.2P) Or P = 2SE t / (R + 0.2 t)

Where;
P = maximum allowable pressure, psi
R = inside radius of the shell course under consideration, in
t = minimum required thickness, in
S = maximum allowable stress (UG-23 & UG-24), psi
E = joint efficiency (joints or ligaments) See UW-12 for welded
vessels
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Sample Problem 1:
Find the MAWP of 16 inside diameter shell. This vessel is

subjected to internal pressure and will operate at a
temperature of 700 deg.F. The shell is seamless carbon steel
and has an allowable value of 16600 psi. Its wall thickness is
0.406. No corrosion is anticipated.
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Given:
P=?
t = 0.406
R = 8
S = 16600 psi
E = 1.0
According to UG-27,
P = SE t / (R + 0.6 t) = 16600 x 1.0 x 0.406 / (8 + 0.6

x 0.406)
= 817.556 psi
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Sample Problem 2:
Find the required thickness for the cylindrical shell designed

for working pressure of 100 psi. The shell inside radius is 2-
0. The longitudinal joint is Category A (UW-3), Type-1 no
radiography was performed. The shell is made of SA 516 Gr.60
carbon steel rolled plate with an allowable stress of 15000 psi.
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Given:
P = 100 psi
t= ?
R = 24
S = 15000 psi
E = 0.7 (see Table UW-12)
According to UG-27,
t = PR/(SE - 0.6P) = 100 x 24 / (15000 x 0.7 - 0.6 x 100)

= 2400 / 10440
= 0.2298
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PART UW REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESSURE VESSELS FABRICATED
BY WELDING
UW-1 SCOPE
These rules apply ONLY when producing welded pressure vessels, and
should be used as supplemental requirements to the applicable
paragraphs in the Introduction and in Subsection A, Part UG.
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BY WELDING
UW-2 SERVICE RESTRICTIONS
There are several restrictions placed on welded vessels due to service

requirements, such as lethal service, unfired steam boilers, and direct fired
vessels. Most of the restrictions have to do with joint design limitations and
additional radiography requirements.
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BY WELDING
UW-3 WELDED JOINT CATEGORY
Weld joint categories are basically LOCATIONS on the vessel that are
subject to differing degrees or criticality of stress when pressurized. They
are also used by designers to assist the designer in selecting the proper
type of joint and the method of joint examination to satisfy Code
requirements. Joint category designations should not be confused with the
TYPE of joint required or the AMOUNT of examination of the joint that must
be done to satisfy the rules of the Code. For example, a Category A weld
may be of Type 1 or 2 or 3, and may have full radiography or no
radiography. This will be explained further as we go along.
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BY WELDING
There are 4 basic joint categories - A, B, C, and D.
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BY WELDING
Category A. Longitudinal welded joints within the main shell,

communicating chambers, transitions in diameter, or nozzles; any welded
joint within a sphere, within a formed or flat head, or within the side plates
of a flat-sided vessel; circumferential welded joints connecting
hemispherical heads to main shells, to transitions in diameters, to nozzles,
or to communicating chambers.
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BY WELDING
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BY WELDING
Category B. Circumferential welded joints within the main shell,

communicating chambers, nozzles, or transitions in diameter including
joints between the transition and a cylinder at either the large or small end;
circumferential welded joints connecting formed heads other than
hemispherical to main shells, to transitions in diameter, to nozzles, or to
communicating chambers.
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BY WELDING
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BY WELDING
Category C. Welded joints connecting flanges, Van Stone laps, tubesheets,

or flat heads to main shell, to formed heads, to transitions in diameter, to
nozzles, or to communicating chambers any welded joint connecting one
side plate to another side plate of a flat sided
vessel.
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BY WELDING
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BY WELDING
Category D. Welded joints connecting communicating chambers or nozzles

to main shells, to spheres, to transitions in diameter, to heads, or to flat-
sided vessels, and those joints connecting nozzles to communicating
chambers (for nozzles at the small end of a transition
in diameter, see Category B).
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BY WELDING
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BY WELDING
UW-11 RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION UW-11

RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION
Now that weld joint Categories and weld joint types are understood, the
degree of examination will be discussed.
UW-11(a) - full radiography is discussed in this paragraph. As previously
shown, full radiography must be employed if a joint efficiency penalty is to
be avoided. Additionally, other situations may require full radiography for
service or excessive thickness that are irrespective of the designers
wishes, such as lethal service, unfired steam boilers or butt welds
exceeding 1.5". Note that RT is not normally required for nozzle butt welds
that neither exceeds NPS 10 nor 1 1/8" wall thickness.
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BY WELDING

UW-11(a) specifies when full RT must

be applied in the manner prescribed in
UW-51. There are 5 cases:
UW-11(a)(1)All butt welds in the shell
and heads of vessels containing lethal
substances.
UW-11(a)(2)All butt welds in which the
nominal thickness 1 ,or exceed the
lesser thickness prescribed in UCS-
57.
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BY WELDING
UW-11(a)(3)All butt welds in the shell and heads of unfired steam boilers
having design pressure exceeding 50 psi.
UW-11(a)(4)All butt welds in nozzles and communicating chambers,etc
.attached to vessel sections or heads that are required to be fully RT under
(1) or(3) above; however except as required by UHT-57(a), Category B
and C butt welds in nozzles and communicating chambers that neither
exceed NPS 10 nor 1 thickness do not require any RT.
UW-11(a)(5) all Category A and D butt welds in vessel section and heads
where the design of the
joint or part is based on a joint efficiency-taken from column a- permitted
by UW-12(a), in which case:
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BY WELDING
UW-11(a)(5) (a) Category A and B welds connecting the vessel sections or
heads shall be of Type No. (1) or type No.(2) of Table UW-12;
UW-11(a) (5) (b) - this paragraph gives a lot of people fits. In a nutshell, it
really only matters when calculating seamless vessel sections and heads
or when the vessel will be stamped RT-2. What this paragraph says is
that to be able to use a joint efficiency without penalty on seamless vessels
or heads or a full joint efficiency without fully radiographing the Category B
and C welds, the manufacturer must, as a minimum, perform spot
radiography of each circumferential weld seam. If he does not do this, the
joint efficiency must be reduced down to .85. This is all clearly spelled out
in UW-12 (d). This will be explained and demonstrated further in class.
Spot RT required by this paragraph shall not be used to satisfy the spot RT
applied to any other weld increment.
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BY WELDING
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BY WELDING
UW-11 (a) (6) - all butt welds joined by electrogas welding with
any single pass greater than 112 in. (38 mm) and all butt
welds joined by electroslag welding;
UW-11 (a) (7) - allows UT to be used for the final closure seam on vessels
where entry cannot be made. Absence of RT equipment is not justification
for using UT.
UW-11(b) - discusses spot radiography, and references UW-52.
UW-11 (c) - discusses no radiography.
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BY WELDING
UW-12 JOINT EFFICIENCIES
UW-3 discussed the CATEGORY of joints that may be used in the vessel.
Now we will discuss the TYPE of joint that can be used for each category.
Joint types are listed as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 in Table UW-12. As you can see
from this Table, the joint types are listed in the far left hand side with a
narrative description of the joint in the next column to the right. The next
column lists whatever limitations there are on using that particular type of
joint (if any), and the next column states which joint categories that the
joint type can be used with.
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BY WELDING
The final 3 columns are the ones that give everyone the most problems -
degree of radiographic examination. These are the columns that are used
to find the applicable joint efficiency in the formulas in Part UG (remember
UG-27, and the formula for shells, which had a factor E that had to be
found?). This is how to arrive at that number, and will also dictate what
stamping will be applied to the vessel (remember UG-116 and the RT-1, 2,
3 4 stamping?). Full radiography means that the weld joint has been
completely radiographed for its full length per UW-51 rules. Spot
radiography means that only a portion of the weld may be radiographed to
assure quality and acceptability of the welders production work. No
radiography means just that - no radiography of the joint has been
performed.
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BY WELDING
The tricky part of using this table is that different types of joints and
different degrees of radiography may exist on the same vessel, and
therefore, several calculations may have to be done using the correct
efficiency for the same part of one vessel. Also, most confusing is the fact
that the Code Committees state that the design philosophy used is
consider each joint separately, but spot RT requirements are based on
cumulative length of welds on the entire vessel. This has always been a
little inconsistent in some peoples minds. (Note: In 1986, the Code
changed from a whole vessel design approach to the current philosophy
of consider each welded joint separately - some like it, some dont).
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BY WELDING
The degree of radiographic examination of butt welds, the credit given for
radiography, and the stress reductions for not radiographing and/or using
butt welds is an area greatly misunderstood by many designers. If other
than butt welds are used in the pressure vessel or if butt welds are not
radiographed the penalty is an increase in the required wall thickness by
decreasing the allowable joint efficiency. However, depending upon the
service, the kind of material, or thickness of the material butt welds,
radiography may become a requirement regardless of the efficiency used
in the design calculations.
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BY WELDING
The Table has been previously discussed, and requires very little further
explanation, except to state that the limitations and joint category
columns are oftentimes overlooked, and must be consulted when finding
the appropriate joint efficiency to be used. Additionally, many people still
cannot accept the fact that pressure vessels can be joined with fillet welds,
but as this Table states, the restrictions and efficiencies allow their use
within limitation.
UW-12(a)specify that category A,B,C and D butt joints in shells or heads

;shall be fully RT in order to take an E given in column (a) of table UW-12
.For category A&D in shells; the additional Spot RT described in UW-11(a)
(5) (b) must be applied to intersecting category B and C butt joints.
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BY WELDING
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BY WELDING
If Spot RT described in UW-11(a) (5) (b) were not performed the long joints
E would come from column B of table UW-12.
UW-12(b) specify that if the code does not require Full RT, Spot RT can be
used and a value of E not greater than given in column (b) of table UW-12
shall be used. Spot RT can be specified for the entire vessel per UW-11(b),
so, Rules of UW-52 must be followed.
UW-12(c) specify that if no RT is performed, all joint efficiencies come from

column (c) of table UW-12 based on type of joint used.
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BY WELDING
As previously stated, UW-12 (d) is a tie-in to UW-11 (a)(5)(b), and

pertains to seamless vessel sections and heads that are not radiographed.
This is an area NOT listed on the UW-12 Table, and therefore, gives many
people headaches. Seamless vessel sections and heads shall be
considered equivalent to welded parts of the same geometry in which all
category A welds are type 1 - Just remember this - only two efficiencies
apply for seamless vessels and heads joined by Category B and C butt
welds, either 100% for welds that meet the spot RT described in UW-11(a)
(5) (b) requirements or .85% for those welds that are NOT RTd.
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BY WELDING
UW-12 (f) - requires an efficiency of .80 for the pressure welding

processes, except ERW. Separate production weld joint test plates must
be made for these processes. (See UW-28).
NOTE: The copy of the Table UW-12 on the following page only reflects
those joint efficiencies that are normally used in almost all fabrications.
Corner joints and angles are not shown, as they really have no joint
efficiency per UW-12.
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BY WELDING
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BY WELDING

Asme VIII

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Asme VIII

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ASME SEC VIII Orientation

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code first published in

Subsection A General Requirements

Subsection B Requirements Pertaining to Methods of Fabrication

Subsection C Requirements Pertaining to Classes of Materials

Part UG establishes general requirements applicable to all pressure

UG-5 through UG-9

These paragraphs provide some general details on the different product

UG-10 MATERIALS NOT FULLY IDENTIFIED TO AN

DESIGN UG-16 GENERAL

(c) Plates are allowed an undertolerance of either .01" or 6% of ordered

DESIGN UG-16 GENERAL

(d) Pipe undertolerance shall be per UG-40, which is specified as 12.5% of

UG-20 DESIGN TEMPERATURE

UG-20(f) This paragraph is very often overlooked when applying impact

UG-27 THICKNESS OF SHELLS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE

The following sections of PART UG deals with the design of

The following sections of PART UG deals with the design of

The following sections of PART UG deals with the design of

The following sections of PART UG deals with the design of

The following sections of PART UG deals with the design of

The following sections of PART UG deals with the design of

The MAWP or minimum thickness of cylindrical shells shall be greater of the

(1) Based on Circumferential Stress;

t = PR/(SE 0.6P) Or P = SE t / (R + 0.6 t)

(2) Based on Longitudinal Stress;

t = PR/(2SE + 0.4P) Or P = 2SE t / (R - 0.4 t)

The MAWP or minimum thickness of spherical shells as given

t = PR/(2SE 0.2P) Or P = 2SE t / (R + 0.2 t)

Find the MAWP of 16 inside diameter shell. This vessel is

P = SE t / (R + 0.6 t) = 16600 x 1.0 x 0.406 / (8 + 0.6

Find the required thickness for the cylindrical shell designed

t = PR/(SE - 0.6P) = 100 x 24 / (15000 x 0.7 - 0.6 x 100)

UW-2 SERVICE RESTRICTIONS

There are several restrictions placed on welded vessels due to service

UW-3 WELDED JOINT CATEGORY

UW-3 WELDED JOINT CATEGORY

There are 4 basic joint categories - A, B, C, and D.

UW-3 WELDED JOINT CATEGORY

Category A. Longitudinal welded joints within the main shell,

UW-3 WELDED JOINT CATEGORY

Category B. Circumferential welded joints within the main shell,

UW-3 WELDED JOINT CATEGORY

Category C. Welded joints connecting flanges, Van Stone laps, tubesheets,

UW-3 WELDED JOINT CATEGORY

Category D. Welded joints connecting communicating chambers or nozzles

UW-11 RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION UW-11

UW-11 RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION UW-11

UW-11(a) specifies when full RT must

UW-12 JOINT EFFICIENCIES

UW-12 JOINT EFFICIENCIES

UW-12 JOINT EFFICIENCIES

UW-12 JOINT EFFICIENCIES

UW-12 JOINT EFFICIENCIES

UW-12(a)specify that category A,B,C and D butt joints in shells or heads

UW-12 JOINT EFFICIENCIES

UW-12 JOINT EFFICIENCIES

UW-12(c) specify that if no RT is performed, all joint efficiencies come from

UW-12 JOINT EFFICIENCIES

As previously stated, UW-12 (d) is a tie-in to UW-11 (a)(5)(b), and

UW-12 JOINT EFFICIENCIES

UW-12 (f) - requires an efficiency of .80 for the pressure welding

UW-12 JOINT EFFICIENCIES