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2 april 2013
Complex Numbers
Argand Diagram
Recall that a complex
Imaginary
number has a real axis
component and an imaginary
component. a Real
bi axis
zz == a3 + 2ibi
z = 3 2i
The absolute value of a complex
number is its distance from the
origin.
The names and letters are changing, but
z a b 2 2
this sure looks familiar.
z 32 2 9 4 13
2
The Trig form of a Complex Number
The trig form of the complex number z a bi
is z ( r cos ri sin ) r cos i sin .
a r cos
is called the argument and is the angle
formed with the x-axis. x a
cos
b r r
tan 1
a y b
sin
r r
How is it Different?
In a rectangular system, you go In a trigonometric or polar system, you
left or right and up or down. have a direction to travel and a
distance to travel in that direction.
z 2 cos45 i sin 45
z 2 2i Polar form (2,45)
Converting from Trig Form to Rectangular Form
2. Distribute the 4. 2 3 2i
Converting from Rectangular form to Trig form
1. Find r. r a 2 b 2
b
2. Find . tan 1
a
3. Fill in the blanks in z r cos i sin Convert z = 4 + 3i to trig form.
r 42 32 16 9 tan 1
3
36.9 z 5 cos 36.9 i sin 36.9
4
r 25 5 Polar form 5,36.9
Multiplying Complex Numbers
To multiply complex numbers in To multiply complex numbers in trig
rectangular form, you would FOIL form, you simply multiply the rs and
and convert i2 into 1. and the thetas.
6
6 6 2 6 6 6 2 i
6 6 6 6 6 2
2 2
r 6 6 2 6 6 2 tan 1 75
6 6 6 2
r 216 72 12 72 216 72 12 72
r 576 24
Dividing Complex Numbers
In rectangular form, you rationalize In trig form, you just divide the rs and
using the complex conjugate. subtract the theta.
a bi r1 cos 1 i sin 1
c di
r2 cos 2 i sin 2
a bi c di
c di c di
r1
r2
cos 1 2 i sin 1 2
ac adi bci bdi 2
c 2 d 2i 2
ac adi bci bd
c2 d 2
ac bd bc ad
2 2
i
c d
2 2
c d
z1
divide
z2
Example Where z1 3 2 3 2i 6 cos 45 i sin 45
z2 2 3 2i 4 cos30 i sin 30
Rectangular form Trig form
3 2 3 2i
6 cos 45 i sin 45
2 3 2i
3 2 3 2i 2 3 2i
4 cos30 i sin 30
cos 45 30 i sin 45 30
2 3 2i 2 3 2 i 6
6 6 6 2i 6 6i 6 2i 2 4
3
12 4i 2
cos15 i sin15
6 6 6 2i 6 6i 6 2 2
12 4
2
6 6 6 2 6 6 6 2
2
6 6 6 2
6 6 6 2 6 6 6 2 i r
16
16
tan 1 16 15
16 16
6 6 6 2
216 72 12 72 216 72 12 72 16
r
256
576 9 3
r
256 4 2
Powers of Complex Numbers
This is horrible in rectangular form. Its much nicer in trig form. You just
raise the r to the power and multiply
theta by the exponent.
a bi
n
z r cos i sin
360k 360k 2 k 2 k
n
z n r cos i sin or
n
r cos i sin
n n n n
Rb Ra
R3
c
c
RbRc R aR c R aR b
R1 = R2 = R3 =
Ra + Rb + Rc Ra + Rb + Rc Ra + Rb + Rc
D-Y and Y-D Conversion Formulas
Delta-to-Wye conversion Wye-to-Delta conversion
Rc
a b
RbRc R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1
R1 = Ra =
Ra + Rb + Rc Rb Ra R1
R aR b R1 R2
R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1
R3 = Rc =
Ra + Rb + Rc R3
R3
c
Circuit Simplification
Find the equivalent resistance R :
Example
ab
2W 2W
a a
18W 12W
6W
9W 4W
b
9W 4W
b
R aRb
R3 = =6
Rb=18 Ra + Rb + Rc
Ra=12
Rc=6 R2=2
3
Exercise 10
Find current I in the circuit.
1
Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; B. Rauf 8/29/2017
Topics
Power Factor, Definition, Concept
and Formulas
Power Factor Correction /
Improvement Example
Additional Comments / Discussion
on Power Factor
Power Factor and Loss Calculation
Example
2
Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; B. Rauf 8/29/2017
Fundamentals Of Electricity
Zc= Xc -90=-j Xc -
Power Factor, contd.: V
4
Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; B. Rauf 8/29/2017
Fundamentals Of Electricity
Z = X +90=+j X
V
l l l
Pf Angle
=-
Power Factor, contd.: I
V
5
Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; B. Rauf 8/29/2017
Fundamentals Of Electricity
6
Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; B. Rauf 8/29/2017
3-phase exercises
Exercise 3:
A 0.6MW, 416V, 3-phase, 50Hz load has a
power factor of 0.5.
Determine the necessary capacitors and show
their connections so as to improve the power
factor to 0.9.
Solution 3
i1
C
Supply Load
n n
C
i2
C
i3
Solution 3
I cos I cos
1
I cos
I 1
cos
I C I (sin cos tan )
Solution 3
But
P 3VL I L cos
where I L I
P 0.6 *10 6
I
3VL cos 3 * 416 * 0.5
6
10
1,388
416 3
Solution 3
106 0.5 sin
IC [sin ]
416 3 0. 9
10 6 3 5 19
[ ]
416 3 2 9 10
865.9
Voltage across capacitor
1
VC I C Z C I C *
2fC
Solution 3
IC
100C
IC IC
C
100VC 100 * 416
3
0.01839 F 18390F
3 cap of 183908
In pratice use nearest higher val uable available on market.
Y-Delta Conversion
These two resistive circuits are equivalent for
voltages and currents external to the Y and D
circuits. Internally, the voltages and currents are
different.
Rc a b
a b
R1 R2
Rb Ra
R3
c
c
RbRc R aR c R aR b
R1 = R2 = R3 =
Ra + Rb + Rc Ra + Rb + Rc Ra + Rb + Rc
D-Y and Y-D Conversion Formulas
Delta-to-Wye conversion Wye-to-Delta conversion
Rc
a b
RbRc R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1
R1 = Ra =
Ra + Rb + Rc Rb Ra R1
R aR b R1 R2
R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1
R3 = Rc =
Ra + Rb + Rc R3
R3
c
Circuit Simplification
Find the equivalent resistance R :
Example
ab
2W 2W
a a
18W 12W
6W
9W 4W
b
9W 4W
b
R aRb
R3 = =6
Rb=18 Ra + Rb + Rc
Ra=12
Rc=6 R2=2
3
Exercise 10
Find current I in the circuit.
1
Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; B. Rauf 8/29/2017
Topics
Power Factor, Definition, Concept
and Formulas
Power Factor Correction /
Improvement Example
Additional Comments / Discussion
on Power Factor
Power Factor and Loss Calculation
Example
2
Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; B. Rauf 8/29/2017
Fundamentals Of Electricity
Zc= Xc -90=-j Xc -
Power Factor, contd.: V
4
Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; B. Rauf 8/29/2017
Fundamentals Of Electricity
Z = X +90=+j X
V
l l l
Pf Angle
=-
Power Factor, contd.: I
V
5
Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; B. Rauf 8/29/2017
Fundamentals Of Electricity
6
Electrical Engineering Fundamentals for Non-EE's; B. Rauf 8/29/2017
3-phase exercises
Exercise 3:
A 0.6MW, 416V, 3-phase, 50Hz load has a
power factor of 0.5.
Determine the necessary capacitors and show
their connections so as to improve the power
factor to 0.9.
Solution 3
i1
C
Supply Load
n n
C
i2
C
i3
Solution 3
I cos I cos
1
I cos
I 1
cos
I C I (sin cos tan )
Solution 3
But
P 3VL I L cos
where I L I
P 0.6 *10 6
I
3VL cos 3 * 416 * 0.5
6
10
1,388
416 3
Solution 3
106 0.5 sin
IC [sin ]
416 3 0. 9
10 6 3 5 19
[ ]
416 3 2 9 10
865.9
Voltage across capacitor
1
VC I C Z C I C *
2fC
Solution 3
IC
100C
IC IC
C
100VC 100 * 416
3
0.01839 F 18390F
3 cap of 183908
In pratice use nearest higher val uable available on market.