ALTRUISM

Altruism is a form of voluntary act intended to favor

another without expectation of rewards (Smith &
Mackie, 2000)
Altruism refers to a kind of selfless help, which is
based on pure desire to help others (Aranson,
Wilson, Akert & Fehr,2004)
Altruism is a behavior carried out to benefit another
without anticipation of rewards from external
sources (Macaulay & Berkowitz,1970)
 TOPIC YEAR RESEARCHER SAMPLE VARIABLE FINDINGS

1. Helping a Victim 2003 Deborah A. Small 234 Identifiability, Results indicate that
or Helping the & George altruism people contributed
Victim: Loewenstein more to a
Altruism and charity when their
Identifiability contributions would
benefit a family that
had already been
selected from a list

2. Altruistic 2004 Hans-werner 59 women Ease Results indicate that

Personality in the Bierhoff & Elke between 20 of escape, altruistic specific profiles of
Context of the Rohmann to 33 years personality, personality
Empathy prosocial behavior variables are
Altruism associated with
Hypothesis helpfulness in the
easy-escape and
difficult-escape
conditions
 TOPIC YEAR RESEARCHER SAMPLE VARIABLE FINDINGS

3. Nice Guys Finish 2006 Charlie L. Hardy 37 students Reputation, Findings indicate that
First: The Mark Van Vugt from an altruism individuals may
Competitive English behave altruistically
Altruism university for reputation reasons
Hypothesis (27 women, because selective
10 men benefits (associated
with status) accrue to
the generous.

4. Altruism and 2007 Jon K. Maner 154 Altruistic Findings indicate that
egoism: Prosocial And Matthew T. behavior, there is link between
motivations for Gailliot Empathic helping and empathic
helping depend on concern, concerna motivator
relationship context kinship of altruistic
relationships behaviormay be
more pronounced in
the context of kinship
relationships than
among strangers
 TOPIC YEAR RESEARCHER SAMPLE VARIABLE FINDINGS

5. Gender Stereotypes 2008 Lacey D. Seefeldt 72 students Altruism, Gender Results revealed a
Associated with (42 female, 30 Stereotypes, main effect of
Altruistic Acts males) Vignette Vignette Type on
the perceived
gender of the
performer and the
receiver of the
altruistic act.

6. A status-based 2009 Philipp C. Wichardt 210 Behavioral Altruistic acts can

motivation altruism, be motivated by the
for behavioral group status individuals
altruism concerns. (selfish) concern
for group status

7. Altruistic behavior 2012 Rita karmakar & 220 school Altruistic behavior, The findings
of adolescents of Anjali Ghosh going demographic indicate that
different regions of adolescents variables(age, demographic and
India gender, regional socio-cultural
variation, parents variable play an
educational important role in
background), the development of
sociocultural altruistic behavior
variables
 TOPIC YEAR RESEARCHER SAMPLE VARIABLE FINDINGS

8. Reluctant 2013 Diane Reyniers, 211 Donation, Peer pressure has a

altruism and Richa Bhalla students Peer pressure, significant effect on
peer pressure happiness giving behavior.
in charitable Average donations in
giving pairs are significantly
higher than individual
donations. Subjects are
happier with their
decision when their
donations are larger,
but those in pairs are
less happy, controlling
for amount donated
 TOPIC YEAR RESEARCHER SAMPLE VARIABLE FINDINGS

9 The 2015 Brian 300 Affective Affective

developmental Harrington, children empathy, empathy was
course of the Jessica Cognitive found to be
empathy- Bramham & Empathy, positively
altruism Michael Altruism, correlated with
hypothesis: the OConnell age altruism. The
relationship correlation was
between the found to be
development marginally higher
of childrens between affective
empathic empathy and age
concern and than between
altruistic cognitive
behaviors empathy and age.
 TOPIC YEAR RESEARCHER SAMPLE VARIABLE FINDINGS

10. The 2016 Khaleghi N., 196 students Components There is

relationship Chenari M. of moral meaningful
of moral intelligence, relationship
intelligence altruism between most
& altruism of moral
intelligence
components
and students
altruism.
Moral
intelligence is
acquired and is
associated with
altruism, the
education that
led to the
development
of students'
moral
intelligence
could cause to
enhance
altruism
 Journal of the Indian Academy of
Applied Psychology
Ethics in science & technology
Cork Journal of Applied Psychology
Judgment and Decision Making
Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology
International Journal of Social Economics
 Altruism

Dutiful altruism Selfish altruism

Reciprocal
altruism
 Arousal-reduction and
Pseudo- negative state relief model
Altruistic Normative theory
Decision model of
Approach bystander intervention

Altruistic Empathy-altruism
hypothesis
Approach Autonomous altruism

Kin selection
theory
 THE PSEUDO-ALTRUISTIC APPROACH
Its defining feature is that so-called altruistic behavior is
ultimately egoistically-motivated, the end goal being
ones own welfare.
Normative theory
According to normative theory, there are three basic
influences on altruism - the intensity of moral (personal)
obligation, a cognitive structure of norms and values,
and the relevance or appropriateness of feelings of
moral obligation.
 Arousal-reduction and negative state relief models
The arousal-reduction and negative state relief models argue that
altruism is motivated by reduction in aversive arousal or tension.

Decision model of bystander intervention

This model proposes that the decision to help depends on five
factors. The first and second are the identification of a negative
change in the victims circumstance and recognition that help is
needed. The third and fourth factors are the taking of personal
responsibility and the decision as to what kind of help is needed.
The final factor in the decision-making process is the decision to
provide help. If, at any stage the bystander fails to attend to any of
the factors, the victim will not be helped.
THE ALTRUISTIC APPROACH
Altruistic approach arguments agree that the essential features of
altruism include an act performed voluntarily and intentionally with the
primary goal of benefitting another person.
Empathy-altruism hypothesis
A common theme in altruism theories is that empathic emotion
produces altruistic motivation to help.
Autonomous altruism
Autonomous altruism should be seen as selfless as it is not governed
by societal norms and its impetus comes from the self
KIN SELECTION THEORY
This theory says individuals are more likely to sacrifice themselves for
relatives than non-relatives.
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