Building technology and services

Lecture 1 & 2
Electrical services
AR.MONIKA
Assistant Professor
University Institute of Architecture
Chandigarh University
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Content

Electrical energy
Origin of electrical energy
Basic definitions
Introduction to electrical power system
Power generation scenario in India
Types of power generation
Power generation and transmission
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ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Electrical energy results from the movement of an electrical charge, and is commonly
referred to as simply electricity.
Electrical energy is the result of the interaction of subatomic particles with this force.
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ORIGIN OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Atoms consist of a nucleus containing positively charged protons, with negatively charged
electrons orbiting around it.
Protons normally stay put in the nucleus, but electrons can move from atom to atom,
allowing them to flow through materials, such as metals, that conduct electricity.
A place with an excess of electrons over protons will have a negative charge; a place with a
deficit will have a positive charge.
Since opposite charges attract one another, electrons will flow from a negatively charged
area to a positively charged one if allowed to do so, creating an electric current.

In a car battery, the chemical reaction creates an electron which has the energy to move in
an electric current. These moving charges provide electrical energy to the circuits in the car.
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BASICS DEFINTION
Conductor:
The materials through which the electrical charge could freely pass is called conductor.
Example: All metals (offer small resistance to the transfer of electrical energy).
Insulator:
The materials through which the electrical charge could not pass is called insulator.
Example: Amber, Sealing wax, Hard rubber, dry glass and plastics (they afford high resistance to the
transfer of electrical energy).

Amber insulator Polymer insulator Hard rubber insulator

Notes: Properties of copper and hard rubber as conductor and insulator respectively are
used in electrical wire and cable.
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BASICS DEFINTION
Earthing:
To connect the metallic (conductive) parts of an Electric appliance or installations to the
earth (ground) is called Earthing.
Need:
To protect human lives as well as provide safety to
electrical devices and appliances from leakage current.
To keep voltage as constant in the healthy phase (If fault
occurs on any one phase).
To protect electric system and buildings form lighting.
To avoid the risk of fire in electrical installation systems.

Notes: Exposed metals such as metal pipes are connected to earth through a copper
conductor as a path of least resistance to the discharge of electrical energy rather
than through the human body as a safety device.
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BASICS DEFINTION
Amp or Ampere:
It is the unit of electric current.
It is the unit of measure of the rate of electron flow or current in an electrical conductor.

Resistance:
A material's opposition to the flow of electric current; measured in ohms.

Positive and negative electricity:

Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Neutrons are neutral and do not have any charge at all.
Protons carry a positive charge, and electrons carry the
negative charge.
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BASICS DEFINTION
Voltage:
It is the difference in charge between two points.
It is define voltage as the amount of potential energy between two points on a circuit.
One point has more charge than another. This difference in charge between the two points is
called voltage. It is measured in volts.
For example:
Water = Charge
Pressure = Voltage
Flow = Current
Consider a water tank at a certain height above the ground. At the bottom of
this tank there is a hose.
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INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
India became the world's third largest producer of electricity in the year 2013 with 4.8% global share
in electricity generation surpassing Japan and Russia.

Renewable Power Plants constituted 29% of

total installed capacity and Non-Renewable Installed capacity
Other Sources
Power Plants constituted the remaining 71%. Nuclear Power
11%
5%

Thermal Power 1,00,000 MW

Hydro Power 65,000 MW Thermal Power
50%
Nuclear Power 10,000 MW Hydro Power
34%
Other sources 20,000 MW
Total Installed Capacity 1,95,000 MW

Thermal Power Hydro Power Nuclear Power Other Sources

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POWER GENERATION STATION
A power generating station, is basically an industrial location that is utilized for the generation and
distribution of electric power in mass scale, usually in the order of several 1000 Watts.

Location

Reason:
several Because of its requisites like huge land and water
Sub-urban demand, along with several operating constraints like the
kilometers away
region waste disposal etc.
from the cities

Sources of electric power generation:

Conventional Sources Non conventional Sources
Thermal (Coal) Wind
Nuclear Solar- PV
Gas Biomass
Water
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THERMAL POWER STATION
Coal is burned into the boiler to produce heat

The heat produce by burning fossil fuel material

boils water and transform it into steam

The steam is then piped to a turbine

Finally steam is condensed and move into the

boiler to repeat the cycle

Rotation of the turbine rotates the generator to

produce electricity.

Pros
Coal cheap & easily available
Less space required as compared to Hydro based station
Cons
Huge volume of ash is produced daily and its disposal is
burning issue today.
Atmospheric pollution is very high.
Transportation of coal to plant and transmission of
generated power to load centre involves large
expenses.
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NUCLEAR THERMAL POWER STATION
Huge amount of thermal energy is produced
through Nuclear Fusion and Fission process
of radioactive elements.

This thermal energy is used to produce

steam that can be utilized to rotate the
turbine coupled to 3 PH A.C. generator.

Pros Cons
Less quantity of fuel for generation of given amount of Nuclear waste disposal is a great problem.
energy compared to other sources.
High reliability, Efficient and less running cost. Maintenance cost is very high.
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HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER STATION
Hydro-electric power is generated by the flow of
water through turbine, turning the blades of the
turbine.
A generator shaft connected to this turbine also
rotates and hence generates electricity.

Pros
Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced
at a constant rate.
The lake's water can be used for irrigation purposes.
Hydropower is fueled by water, so it's a clean fuel
source.
Cons
Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be
built to a very high standard.
People living in villages and towns that are in the valley
to be flooded, must move out.
Hydro power plants can be impacted by drought.
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WIND POWER PLANT
Wind power converts the kinetic energy in wind by using a large
wind turbine usually consisting of propellers, then the turbine can
be connected to a generator to generate electricity.

As the wind passes the turbines it moves the blades, which spins
the shaft.

Pros Cons

The wind is free and with modern
technology it can be captured efficiently.
Once the wind turbine is built the energy it
produces, does not cause green house
gases or other pollutants.
Remote areas that are not connected to
the electricity power grid can use wind
turbines to produce their own supply.
The strength of the wind is not constant
and it varies from zero to storm force.
This means that wind turbines do not
produce the same amount of electricity all
the time. There will be times when they
produce no electricity at all.
Wind turbines are noisy.

SOLAR POWER PLANT
Creates energy by transforming by heat and light from the sun.
Solar thermal energy:
It stores the heat of the sun which transform water into steam
that moves turbines which are connected to generator that collect
energy
Pros
After initial investment, all the electricity produced is
free.
Clean, renewable energy source.
No transmission costs for stand alone systems.
Virtually no maintenance and no recurring costs
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Photovoltaic energy:
It is a method generating electricity power by convert into solar
radiation into direct current electricity.
Cons
High initial cost to purchase solar panel system
A relatively large area is required to install a solar
system
The highest efficiency is dependent on full sun
exposure.
No electricity can be produced at night, and reduced
production on cloudy/rainy days.
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POWER GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION
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POWER GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION

Example:
The voltage level at which it is generated is between 10 to 30 KV.
Hence, to avoid Current losses specifically, generated voltage needs to be stepped up to 132 KV , 220 KV, 400 KV, 765 KV and the
latest 1200 KV for Transmission.
Once power is dispatched to Load Centre's, the transmission voltage levels are stepped down to 66KV, 33KV or 11KV for
distribution of power.
Once the power reaches to doorstep of consumer, the distribution voltage level is again stepped down to utilization voltage level
i.e. 440V or 650V.
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LOW VOLTAGE SUPPLY
Voltage level : 50-1000 Volt.
Regional electrical companys (RECS) connects to the majority of buildings at low voltage i.e 415 volt.
It comprises of 3 phase cable and one neutral conductor which is required to complete the circuit for current
flow back to the generator.
Example: House connection.

HIGH VOLTAGE SUPPLY

Voltage level : Exceeds 1000 Volt.
High voltage supply is connected to RECS switch gear which further connected to consumer switch gear.
Example: Heavy industry and large buildings.

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN MULTISTOREYED BUILDING:

BUSBAR
RADIAL SYSTEM
RING MAIN SYSTEM
NOTE: For heavy voltage radial system and ring main system is used.
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DISTRIBUTION FEEEDER
The transmitted electric power is stepped down is substations, for
primary distribution purpose. Now these stepped down electric
power is fed to the distribution transformer through primary
distribution feeders. Over head primary distribution feeders are
supported by mainly supporting iron pole (preferably rail pole). The
conductors are strand aluminum conductors and they are mounted
on the arms of the pole by means of pin insulators. Some times in
congested places, underground cables may also be used for primary
distribution purposes.
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Radial Electrical Power Distribution System
In early days of electrical power distribution system, different feeders were radially come out from the
substation and connected to the primary of distribution transformer directly.

But radial electrical power distribution system has one major drawback that in case of any feeder
failure, the associated consumers would not get any power as there was no alternative path to feed the
transformer.

In case of transformer failure also, the power supply is interrupted. In other words the consumer in the
radial electrical distribution system would be in darkness until the feeder or transformer was rectified.
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Ring Main Electrical Power Distribution System
The drawback of radial electrical power distribution
system can be overcome by introducing a ring main
electrical power distribution system. Here one ring
network of distributors is fed by more than one feeder.
In this case if one feeder is under fault or
maintenance, the ring distributor is still energized by
other feeders connected to it. In this way the supply to
the consumers is not affected even when any feeder
becomes out of service.
In addition to that the ring main system is also
provided with different section isolates at different
suitable points.
If any fault occurs on any section, of the ring, this
section can easily be isolated by opening the
associated section isolators on both sides of the faulty
zone.
THANK YOU

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