SOLID, TOXIC AND

HAZARDOUS WASTE

Natividad, Princess Joy V.

ECE 4-1

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Solid Waste
any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater
treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air
pollution control facility and other discarded
materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or
contained gaseous material, resulting from
industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural
operations, and from community activities, but does
not include solid or dissolved materials.

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Solid Waste
Any material that we discard, that is not liquid or
gas, is solid waste

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Types of Solid Waste
Household Waste
Industrial Waste
Biomedical Waste

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Household Waste
generally classified as municipal solid waste
consists of household waste, construction and
demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste
from streets.
this garbage is generated mainly from residential
and commercial complexes

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4 Broad Categories of Garbage
Organic Waste
kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits.
Toxic Waste
old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer
and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
Recyclable
paper, glass, metals, plastics
Soiled
hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other
body fluids.

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Industrial Waste
produced indirectly by industries that supply
people with goods and services.
Some examples of industrial wastes are chemical
solvents, paints, sandpaper, paper
products, industrial by-products, metals, and
radioactive wastes. Toxic waste,
chemical waste, industrial solid waste and municipal
solid waste are designations of industrial wastes.

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Biomedical Waste
generally classified as hazardous waste
include wastes like disposables, anatomical waste,
discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc.
these are in the form of disposable syringes,
swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.

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Waste Stream
describes the flow of wastes compiled through
households, sewage plants, commercial businesses,
and all in between.
It describes all waste produced.

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Waste Stream

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Waste Disposal Methods
Open Dumps
Ocean Dumping
Landfills
Export Waste
Incineration and Resource Recovery

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Open Dumps
sites of garbage disposal, expose garbage to flies,
rats and other insects that carries diseases.
disposal of solid waste at any location

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Ocean Dumping
wastes that are dump in the ocean.
these are waste includes waste from ships, sewage
(treated and untreated), industrial waste, military
wastes (munitions and chemicals), entire ships,
trash, garbage, dredge material, and construction
debris.

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Landfills
site for the disposal of waste materials by burying
it and covering it over with soil and is the oldest
form of waste treatment.
refers to ground that has been filled in
with rocks instead of waste materials so that it can
be used for a specific purpose, such as for building
houses.
sanitary landfill

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Export Waste
The global waste trade is the international trade
of waste between countries for further treatment,
disposal, or recycling. Toxic or
hazardous wastes are often exported from developed
countries to developing countries, also known as
countries of the Global South.

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Incineration
disposal method in which solid organic waste are
subjected to combustion so as to convert them into
residue and gaseous products.
sometimes called as thermal treatment.
Incinerator is a machine or container that convert
waste materials into heat, gas, steam and ash.

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Types of Incinerator
Refuse Derived Fuel
Mass Burn

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Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
also known as solid recovered fuel / specified
recovered fuel (SRF)
produced by processing municipal solid waste to
increase the fuel value of the waste.
the process removes non combustible materials
(e.g., inorganic materials such as glass and metals)
as well as wet organic materials (e.g., food scraps)
materials contained in RDF general include
textiles, paper and cardboard, woods and plastics.
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Process of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)

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Mass Burn
process of burning of waste at a very high
temperature.
Creates air pollution problems.
Reduces disposal volume by 80-90%.
Residual ash usually contains toxic material.

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Incinerator Cost
Initial construction costs are usually between
$100 and $300 million for a typical municipal
facility.

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Process of Reducing the Waste Stream
Recycling
Composting
Energy from Waste
Reuse
Producing Less Waste

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Recycling
is the reprocessing of discarded materials into
new, useful products.
reduces pollution
reduces litter problems

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US Recycling Rates

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Benefits of Recycling
Saves money, raw materials, and land.
Encourages individual responsibility.
Lowers demand for raw resources.
Reduces energy consumption and air pollution.

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Composting
nature's process of recycling decomposed organic
materials into a rich soil known as compost.
Biological degradation of organic material.

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Types of Composting
Backyard Composting- If you have a yard and a
balance of browns (fallen leave) and greens (grass
clippings and food scraps), you have all you need to
make compost.
Grass Cycling- If you have grass clippings and
don't want to use them in a compost pile you can
leave them on the lawn to decompose.

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Benefits of Composting
Adding decomposed organic material to the soil
feeds beneficial organisms.
Healthy plants from healthy soil look better,
produce better and have a much greater ability to
fight off pests and diseases.
Home composting is a valuable tool in educating
children about nature and the cycle of life.
Significantly reduce pest problemsand your use
of pesticides.
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Energy From Waste
process of taking waste and turning it into a
useable form of energy.
this can include electricity, heat and transport fuels
(e.g. diesel). This can be done in a range of ways.
Incineration is the most well known.

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Reuse
to use an item again after it has been used.
includes conventional reuse where the item is used
again for the same function, and creative
reuse where it is used for a different function.
Reusable glass container makes an average of 15
round-trips between factory and customer before it
has to be recycled.

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Advantages vs. Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
Reduced disposal Reuse often
needs and costs requires cleaning or
Energy and raw transport, which have
materials savings as environmental costs.
replacing many Sorting and
single use products preparing items for
with one reusable reuse takes time,
one reduces the which is
number that need to inconvenient for
be manufactured. consumers and costs
money for businesses
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Producing Less Waste
process of elimination that involves reducing the
amount of waste produced in society and helps to
eliminate the generation of harmful and persistent
wastes, supporting the efforts to promote a
more sustainable society.
Excess packaging of food and consumer products
is one of our greatest sources of unnecessary waste.
Paper, plastic, glass, and metal packaging material
make up 50% of domestic trash by volume.
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2 Types of Degradable Plastic
Photodegradable Plastic
Biodegradable Plastic

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Photodegradable Plastic
usually made of oil-based polymers, just like
ordinary plastic.
easy to break down when exposed to light
tend to break down into small particles of plastic
rather than decomposing completely.

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Biodegradable Plastic
can be made from oil or from plant-based
products. easy to break down when exposed to light
they are attacked by bacteria, fungi or other micro-
organisms which use them as food.
they can be processed by, and become part of,
organic living things.
decomposes
naturally in the environment.

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Toxic Waste
is a waste material that can cause death, injury or
birth defects to living creatures.
it spreads quite easily and can contaminate lakes,
rivers, and the atmosphere.

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Examples of Toxic Waste
Dioxins- produced by burning chlorine- containing
substances, plastics; the manufacture of iron and
steel, and some organic chemicals.

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Examples of Toxic Waste
Heavy Metals widespread industrial use, such as
in cadmium and nickel plating. Found in batteries
(mercury, cadmium, lead) and leaded petrol.

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Examples of Toxic Waste
Radioactive Waste by-product of nuclear power
generation and used in medicine (e.g. cancer
therapy)

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Hazardous Waste
those wastes that are capable of harming people
and the environment.
discarded liquid or solid that contains substances
known to be:
Fatal to humans or laboratory animals in low
doses.
Toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic
to humans or other life-forms.
Explosive or highly reactive.
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Hazardous Waste Disposal
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) - 1976.
Comprehensive program requiring rigorous
testing and management of toxic and hazardous
substances.

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Hazardous Waste Disposal
Chemical and Hazardous Waste Emergency
Management Program (CHWEMP)
is to establish a national framework for
concerted action by the industry, government,
and community to address incidents involving
chemicals or hazardous wastes.

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Superfund
United States federal government program
designed to fund the cleanup of sites contaminated
with hazardous substances and pollutants.
It was established by the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA).

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Hazardous Waste Management
the collection, treatment, and disposal of waste
material that, when improperly handled, can cause
substantial harm to human health and safety or to
the environment.
Hazardous Waste Management Options:
Produce Less Waste
Convert to Less Hazardous Substances
Store Permanently

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Produce Less Waste
Avoid creating wastes in the first place
Recycle and Reuse
process of elimination that involves reducing the
amount of waste produced in society and helps to
eliminate the generation of harmful and persistent
wastes, supporting the efforts to promote a
more sustainable society.

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Convert to Less Hazardous Substances
Physical Treatments
Chemical Treatments- refers to the treatment methods that
are used to effect the complete breakdown of hazardous waste
into non-toxic gases or, more frequently, to modify the chemical
properties of the waste, for example, through reduction of water
solubility or neutralization of acidity or alkalinity.
Bioremediation- waste management technique that involves
the use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a
contaminated site.

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Store Permanently
Retrievable Storage - Can be inspected and
periodically retrieved. A method for handling
highly toxic hazardous wastes on a long-term basis.
Secure Landfills - Modern, complex landfills
with multiple liners and other impervious layers
and monitoring systems.

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References
Environmental Science, 13th Edition by William
Cunningham and Mary Cunningham

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