Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Intelligence
(40-417)
Course Page
http://sina.sharif.edu/~sani/courses/ai
Announcements
Slides
Assignments
Textbooks
Main
S Russell and P Norvig, Artificial
Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Prentice
Hall, 3rd ed., 2010.
Auxiliary
E Rich, k Knight, and S Nair, Artificial
Intelligence, McGraw-Hill, 3rd ed., 2009.
Evaluation
Quizzes and Assignments (10%)
f : P* A
For any given class of environments and task, we seek
the agent with the best performance.
Problem: computational limitations make perfect
rationality unachievable.
The Origins of AI
Experimenter
Control
9
Eliza, 1965
Patient: You are like my father in some ways.
Doctor: What resemblance do you see?
Patient : You are not very aggressive.
Doctor : What makes you think I am not very aggressive?
Patient : You dont argue with me.
Doctor : Why do you think I dont argue with you?
Patient : You are afraid of me.
Doctor : Does it please you to believe I am afraid of you?
Patient : My father is afraid of everybody.
Doctor : What else comes to mind when you think of your father?
Patient : Bullies.
10
The Chinese Room
She does not
know
Chinese
Correct
Chinese Responses
Writing is
given to the
person
Set of rules, in
English, for
transforming
phrases
11
Newell and Simon Prediction
In 1997, Deep Blue beat Gary
Kasparov.
12
Why Did They Get it Wrong?
13
Scalability
To play master-level
chess requires
searching about 8 ply
deep. So about 358
nodes must be
examined.
14
Exponential Growth
15
But Chess is Easy
16
A Harder One
John saw a boy and a girl with a red wagon with one blue
and one white wheel dragging on the ground under a tree
with huge branches.
17
How Bad is the Ambiguity?
Kim (1)
Kim and Sue (1)
Kim and Sue or Lee (2)
Kim and Sue or Lee and Ann (5)
Kim and Sue or Lee and Ann or Jon (14)
Kim and Sue or Lee and Ann or Jon and Joe (42)
Kim and Sue or Lee and Ann or Jon and Joe or Zak (132)
Kim and Sue or Lee and Ann or Jon and Joe or Zak and
Mel (469)
Kim and Sue or Lee and Ann or Jon and Joe or Zak and
Mel or Guy (1430)
Kim and Sue or Lee and Ann or Jon and Joe or Zak and
Mel or Guy and Jan (4862)
18
Computer as Artist
19
What is an AI Technique?
Example: Tic-Tac-Toe program
complexity
use of generalizations
clarity of knowledge
extensibility
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
20
Program 1
Board: 9-element vector
0 : blank, 1 : X , 2 : O
Move table: 39 Rows of 9-element vectors
Algorithm:
1. transform board vector from base 3 to 10
2. use (1) as the move table index
3. change the board by using the vector from (2)
21
Comments:
Advantages:
efficient in terms of time,
optimal game of tic-tac-toe in theory
Disadvantages:
space - move table space
work - move table
error prone - move table
three dimension - 327, no longer work at all
22
Program 2
Board: program1
2 : blank, 3 : X, 5 : O
Turn: game moves 1,2,3,.....
odd-numbered move : x
even-numbered move : o
Algorithm : 3 sub procedures
Make2: Board[5] or Board [2, 4, 6, or 8],
Posswin (p): 18 (3*3*2) for p = X
50 (5*5*2) for p = O
Go (n) : Move to Board [n]
23
Strategy
Turn=1 Go (1)
Turn=2 Go (5) or Go (1)
Turn=3 Go (9) or Go (3)
Turn=4 Go(Posswin(X)) or Go(Make2)
Turn=5 Go(Posswin(X)), or
Go(Posswin(O)), or Go(7), or Go(3) [fork]
24
Comments:
Less efficient than Program 1 (time)
More efficient (space)
More clarity (strategy)
Easier to change (strategy)
25
Program 2'
program 2 board
magic square 15
possible win check:
S = sum of two paired owned by a player
D = 15 S
if 0 < D < 10 and Board [D] is empty then the player can
win
8 3 4
1 5 9
6 7 2
26
Program 3 :O minimax
X
O O X O O
X X
0
X -10 X
O O X O O O O O X O
X X X X
X X X X X X
-10 10 10 0
O O O O O O O O O O O X O O X O
X X X X X X
X X X O X X X X O X X O X O
10 -1 10 0 0 0
27
Comments
much more complex (time and space)
Extendable
AI technique
28