Chapter 01

Lecture Outline
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1.1: Origins of Medical Science

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 1.2: Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy: The study of the
structure/morphology of the human body
and its parts.

Physiology: The study of the functions of

the human body and its parts.

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 1.3: Levels of Organization (10)
All materials, living or non-living, are composed of chemicals, which consist of
atoms.

Subatomic Particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up cells

Atom: tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon)
Molecule: particles consisting of atoms (water, glucose)
Macromolecule: large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, protein)
Organelle: functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)
Cell: basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood cell)
Tissue: layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose tissue)
Organ: group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, stomach)
Organ System: group of organs with common function (digestive system)
Organism: composed of organ systems interacting (human)

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 1.3: Levels of Organization
All materials, living or non-living, are composed of chemicals, which consist of
atoms.

Subatomic Particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons that

make up cells

Atom: tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen,

carbon)

Molecule: particles consisting of atoms (water, glucose)

Macromolecule: large particles consisting of molecules (DNA,

protein)

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 1.3: Levels of Organization

Organelle: functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)

Cell: basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or
blood cell)

Tissue: layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose

tissue)

Organ: group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney,

stomach)

Organ System: group of organs with common function

(digestive system)
Organism: composed of organ systems interacting (human)
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Levels of Organization

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 1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)

The events inside the body which obtain, release, and

utilize energy are the main part of metabolism (all of the
chemical reactions in an organism that support life).

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 1.4: Characteristics of Life
Movement: whole body or structures within
body
Responsiveness-

Growth-

Reproduction- new organism or new cell

Respiration- using oxygen to release energy

from food.
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 1.4: Characteristics of Life

Digestion- Breaking down food into simpler

forms
Absorption
Circulation- movement of substances in body
fluids
Assimilation- chicken protein human protein
Excretion

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 1.4: Characteristics of Life

Metabolism- The collection of chemical

reactions in cells that support life.

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 1.5: Maintenance of Life (5)
Life requires / depends on 5 environmental factors:

Water:
- most abundant substance in body
- environment for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulation of body temperature

Food:
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials for building living tissue

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 Requirements of Organisms

Oxygen (gas):
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients

Heat:
- helps maintain body temperature
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

Pressure:
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing

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 Internal environment contains fluid
Fluid= Water and dissolved substances

Extracellular fluid
Plasma- liquid portion of blood
Interstitial fluid- fluid not in cells or outside of
blood vessels. (Tissue fluid)
Intracellular fluid
Fluid found inside cells

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 Homeostasis

Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable

internal environment

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 Feedback Systems
Heating a room

Thermometer

Thermostat

AC/Heat pump
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 Homeostasis

Homeostatic Mechanisms: Self-regulating systems

that monitor aspects of the internal environment and
correct them as needed.

There are 3 parts of a homeostatic mechanism:

Receptor: detects and provides information about
the stimuli
Control Center: decision-maker that maintains the
set point
Effector: muscle or gland that responds to the
control center, and causes the necessary change
in the internal environment
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Homeostatic Mechanisms

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 Homeostatic
Mechanisms
Example of a homeostatic
mechanism for the regulation
of body temperature

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 Homeostatic Mechanisms
Negative feedback:
Most common type of homeostatic mechanism
Effectors return conditions toward normal range, and the
deviation from set point lessens
Called negative because the response to the change
moves the variable in the opposite direction of the
deviation from the set point
Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
Examples: negative feedback controls body temperature,
blood pressure & glucose level in the blood
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 Homeostatic Mechanisms
Positive feedback:
Uncommon in the body
The change/deviation is intensified, instead of reversed
Activity of effector is increased initially, instead of
decreasing
Short-lived
Produce unstable conditions, that seem like they will not
lead to homeostasis, but they will.
Examples: blood clotting and the uterine contractions of
childbirth

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1.6: Organization of the Human Body

Human body consists of 2 main portions:

Axial portion: head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular portion: upper and lower limbs

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 1.6: Organization of the Human Body

Major cavities of the axial portion of the body:

Cranial cavity: houses brain

Vertebral canal (spinal cavity): contains spinal cord

Thoracic cavity: houses lungs and thoracic viscera

Abdominopelvic cavity: contains abdominal and pelvic

viscera

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Major Body Cavities

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 Major Body Cavities
Diaphragm: muscle that separates the thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities

Mediastinum: region between lungs in thoracic cavity, which

contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland

Abdominopelvic cavity contains 2 portions:

a. Abdominal cavity: extends from diaphragm to top of
pelvis, and contains stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys small
intestine, most of large intestine

b. Pelvic cavity: enclosed by pelvic bones, and contains end

of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive
organs

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Fig. 1.10 Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

Abdominal
cavity

Pelvic cavity

(a)

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

Mediastinum
Thoracic
cavity

Diaphragm

Abdominopelvic
cavity

(b)
 Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
Membranes

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined by

double-layered serous membranes, which secrete serous
fluid (slippery fluid that prevents friction between layers).

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 Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes

Serous membranes consist of 2 layers:

Visceral layer: inner layer, which covers an organ
Parietal layer: outer layer, which lines wall of cavity

Examples of serous membranes:

Visceral and parietal pleura (around lungs in thorax)
Visceral and parietal pericardium (around heart in thorax)
Visceral and parietal peritoneum (around abdominopelvic
organs)

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 Serous Membranes

Serous membranes of the Serous membranes of the

thoracic cavity abdominal cavity
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 Pleural Membranes

Visceral pleura Parietal pleura

Pleural cavity
 Pericardium

Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium

Pericardial cavity
 Visceral Parietal Peritoneal
Peritoneum
peritoneum peritoneum cavity

Lesser Mesentery Greater

omentum of small intestine omentum

Peritoneum
 Organ Systems
Just know the names of the 11 organ
systems and how the textbook groups
them.
Ie Body coverings= Integumentary
Support and movement
Integration and coordination
Transport
Absorption and excretion
Reproduction
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 Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 1.14
Body Covering

Integumentary system
 Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 1.15
Support
and
movement

Skeletal system Muscular system

 Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 1.16

Nervous system Endocrine system

 Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 1.17
Transport

Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system

 Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 1.18

Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system

 Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 1.19

Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

Organ Systems

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1.7: Lifespan Changes

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 1.8: Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position:
Standing erect, facing
forward, upper limbs at
the sides, palms
facing forward

Anatomical terms of
relative position are
based on a person
standing in anatomical
position.

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 Terms of Relative Position
Superior (above) / Inferior (below)

Anterior or ventral (toward the front) / Posterior or dorsal

(toward the back)

Medial (toward the midline) / Lateral (away from midline)

Bilateral (paired structures; on both sides)

Ipsilateral (same side) / Contralateral (opposite sides)

Proximal (close to point of attachment to trunk) / Distal

(farther from point of attachment to trunk)

Superficial (close to body surface) / Deep (more internal)

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Terms of Relative Position

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 Body Sections or Planes
Sagittal section: longitudinal cut that divides body into
left and right portions
Mid-sagittal/Median section: divides body into equal
left and right portions
Parasagittal section: sagittal section lateral to midline;
divides body into unequal left and right portions

Transverse or Horizontal section: divides body into

superior and inferior portions

Coronal or Frontal section: longitudinal cut that divides

body into anterior and posterior portions

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Superior Inferior
Anterior Posterior
(Ventral) (Dorsal)
Medial Lateral
Proximal Distal
Deep Superficial
Body Sections

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Body Sections
Sagittal Plane
Midsagittal Plane
Transverse Plane
Coronal Plane
Oblique Plane
 Body Sections: The Brain

Sagittal Section Transverse Section Frontal section

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Body Sections in Cylindrical Organs

Cross section Oblique section Longitudinal section

These sections are found in organs such as blood vessels, the
ureter, the trachea, or the intestines. 65
Body Regions and Quadrants

Abdominal Regions Abdominal Quadrants 66

 Rt. Hypochondriac Lt. Hypochondriac
Epigastric

Body
Regions
Rt. Lumbar Lt.Lumbar
Umbilical

Pelvic
Rt. Iliac Lt. Iliac
 Nine Abdominal Regions
Epigastric
Rt. Hypochondriac Lt. Hypochondriac

Umbilical Lt. Lumbar

Rt. Lumbar

Rt. Iliac Pelvic Lt. Iliac

 Abdominal Quadrants
Upper Right Lower Right Upper Left Lower Left
 Abdominal Quadrants

Upper Right Upper Left

Lower Right Lower Left

 Body Regions

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Anterior regions Posterior regions
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