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l Chapter 7 l
Hypothesis Tests
7.1 Developing Null and Alternative
Hypotheses
7.2 Type I & Type II Error
7.3 Population mean
7.4 Population Proportion
7.5 Inferences About the Difference
Between Two Population Means
7.6 Inferences About the Difference
Between Two Population
Proportions
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Andrew F. Siegel, 1997 and 2000
7-2
Hypothesis Testing
One population
mean
Hypothesis testing
for population
mean
Two population
mean
Hypothesis
testing One population
proportion
Hypothesis testing
for population
proportion
Two population
proportions
Irwin/McGraw-Hill Andrew F. Siegel, 1997 and 2000
7-3
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing is an inferential statistics method used to determine
something about a population, based on the observation of a sample.
Information about a population mean in the hypothesis statements will be
presented in a form of miu ( ).
e.g. the mean travel time was 40 minutes, = 40 minutes
Assumptions
Assumptions needed for validity of Hypothesis Testing
The data should be at the interval or ratio level of measurement.
Data are a random sample from the population of interest
(So that the sample can tell you about the population)
The sample mean, x is approximately NORMAL
(Either the data are figuratively normal or large enough sample size, n, distribution not too skewed)
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis and test procedure (in general)
A statistical test of hypothesis consist of :
The Null hypothesis,
The Alternative hypothesis,
P-value (SPSS) @ Test statistics (manual),
value (SPSS) @ Critical value (manual),
The rejection region,
The conclusion
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis and Test Procedures (SPSS)
1. State the null hypothesis, H 0 and alternative hypothesis, H1
2. Compare a P-value (generated by SPSS) with the given value of
3. Make an initial decision (whether to reject or not to reject H 0 )
4. Make the statistical decision and state the managerial conclusion
Differences
Hypothesis and Test Procedures (manual calculation)
1. State the null hypothesis, H 0 and alternative hypothesis, H1
2. Calculate the value of the test statistic
3. Find critical value (using Table Standard Normal III)
4. Compare steps 2 and 3
5. Make an initial decision (whether to reject or not to reject H 0 )
6. Make the statistical decision and state the managerial conclusion
Example:
The label on a soft drink bottle states that it contains at least 500 millilitres.
Null Hypothesis: 500 ml (The label is correct)
Alternative Hypothesis: 500 ml (The label is incorrect)
H0 H1
Two-tailed test =
Left-tailed test <
Right-tailed test >
Refer previous examples
Important values to
draw conclusion
Analyze Compare Means One
Sample T Test
0.000
P value 0.05
2
p value
One- tail: Reject H0 if <
2
Two- tail: Reject H0 if p-value <
You performed a study last year with another sample, so you have access to
descriptive statistics from a similar group of adults. The mean words recalled in
the earlier study, without hypnosis, was 34.6. Determine whether the participants
in the present study are comparable with those in the earlier study in terms of
recall in normal state. Test at =0.05.
Important values to
draw conclusion
Determined whether men and women recall equal numbers of words when under
hypnosis. Test at =0.05.