Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)

Policy of Annexation
Annexation of Punjab
Second Burmese War and the Annexation of Lower Burma
Doctrine of Lapse
Annexation of Oudh
Domestic Reforms of Dalhousie
Railways
Telegraph
Postal Reform
Education
Public Works Department
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain
(10m, 2013)

Lord Dalhousie 1848-1856

Youngest Governor General

Was Determined to extend Direct British

Rule as large as an area as possible

Q. Why?
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain
(10m, 2013)
Why?
British Exports were suffering due to mal administration by native
rulers
Hence, Annex/Control that state so that British exports
can get good market
So, came up with Policy of Annexation
By this, Completed the map of British Empire
But, ProblemHow to annex the states
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain
(10m, 2013)

Q.How to annex the

states? Annexation

Annexation Doctrine of
through war Lapse
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain (10m,
2013)
Punjab 1848-1850
Sikkim 1850
Annexation
through war Pegu( Lower Burma) 1852
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain
(10m, 2013)

In case if a ruler of a dependant state

died without a natural heir to succeed
Doctrine of him, his state would be annexed to the
Lapse British territory

This Doctrine was in existence even before Dalhousie

1834 Court of Directors came up with this type of proposal
The adoption of son by a native ruler was generally
considered/recognised by the Co. Dalhousie Refused it
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain
(10m, 2013)
3 Categories of States were there during
Doctrine of the period of Dalhousie
Lapse

1.Princely Rulers-Didn't paid any tribute nor accepted British

States Paramountcy
Hence, were Independent
Doctrine of Lapse didn't applied on these
states
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain
(10m, 2013)

Doctrine of Satara, Nagpur, Jhansi,

Lapse Bhagat, Udaipur

3 Categories of States were there during the period of Dalhousie

Paid Tribute & accepted British Paramountcy

2.Princely Hence, were Protected Allies
States Permission necessary before adoption

Rulers- Placed/Installed by Britishers

3.Princely
Hence, were Dependant States
States Doctrine of Lapse applied on these states
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain
(10m, 2013)
Reforms by Dalhousie
1. Administrative Reforms
Bengal Placed under charge of Lieutenant Governor
Centralised control of newly acquired territory
Governor General

Commissioners

Territory
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain
(10m, 2013)

Reforms by Dalhousie

2. Military Reforms
Increase in strength of European soldiers in the Indian
Army
Inclusion of Martial Tribes and their regiments
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain
(10m, 2013)

Reforms by Dalhousie
3. Educational Reforms
1854 Charles Woods Despatch
Foundation of Modern Education in India
Anglo-Vernacular Schooling
Establishment of Universities @ 3 Following Model of London
Presidencies Presidency College University

Engineering College @ Roorkee

Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain
(10m, 2013)
Reforms by Dalhousie
4. Railway Development
Setting up of 1st Railway Line 1853
Mumbai - Thane
Planning of Strategic lines to facilitate east
movement of goods and troops
Used for Defense Purpose
They make India as a Nation.
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain
(10m, 2013)
Reforms by Dalhousie
5. Electric Telegraph
Known as Father of Electric Telegraph in India
4000 Miles Telegraph lines joining
Calcutta-Peshawar
Bombay-Madras
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain
(10m, 2013)
Reforms by Dalhousie
6. Postal Reforms
Modern Postal system Introduced
Post office Act 1854-
Uniform Rate
Introduction of Postage Stamps
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain
(10m, 2013)
Reforms by Dalhousie
7. Public Works Department (PWD)
Setting up of Separate PWD
Large funds to be spent on Public Works
Construction of Ganges Canal Agriculture
Brides, Roads etc.
Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain
(10m, 2013)

Reforms by Dalhousie
8. Commercial Reforms
Following Free trade Principles
Opening of Indian ports for the world trade &
commerce
Harbours of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta
were developed and light houses were also
constructed
Indian economy got Globalised
Question UPSC Pre 2007
Q. The ruler of which one of the following states was removed from
power by the British on the pretext of misgovernance?

(a) Awadh (c) Nagpur

(b) Jhansi (d) Satara
Railways

Began with
1853
Bombay-
Thane

Q. How did the Railways served the British Government?

Railways
Q. How did the Railways served the British Government?

Investment British Capital

Raw material supply From Sourcing Areas to Ports

Bringing British goods to Indian Markets

Strategic Purpose

Benefitted heavy Industries of England

Q. Impact of Railways on India

Railways
We are
Q. Impact of Railways on India DEVELOPING India,
through Railways
British Railway Policy

Raw Material Mostly Exported through Railways

Finished goods Market through Railways

Monopoly of English Traders

Traditional Industries Already in trouble, Final blow by Railways

Railways
We are
Q. Impact of Railways on India DEVELOPING India,
through Railways
British Railway Policy

Railways Industrialisation in England

Industrialisation Development of Allied Sectors

But in India ?? Nothing happened

1910 Rail Track Imported from England
1940 Engines & Machinery Imported from
England
Railways
We are
Q. Impact of Railways on India DEVELOPING India,
through Railways
British Railway Policy

Railways Who was the Investor of Capital ?

British Government & Businessmen
Government Incentive Assured 5% Dividend

But Q. From where does this dividend paid off?

Indian Peoples tax Drain of Wealth
Railways
We are
Q. Impact of Railways on India DEVELOPING India,
through Railways
British Railway Policy

Railways Also responsible for Famines

Railways Grains were brought to Port City from

Rural Areas
From Ports, Grains were Exported

Due to Export of Grains, Scarcity in Local Market

Peasants also encouraged to grow Cash Crops

Railways
We are
Q. Impact of Railways on India DEVELOPING India,
through Railways
British Railway Policy

Neglect of Other Infrastructure

Irrigation 75 Crores Rupees (Till 1902-03)

Railways 359 Crores Rupees (Till 1905)

Q. Positive Impact of Railways?

Railways
Q. Impact of Railways on India
Positive Impact of Railways
Connected different Parts of India

Trade & Commerce People of different parts could

meet each other
Rural Areas Connected Emergence of Nationalist
with Cities Feelings
Challenge to orthodoxy
and Social customs Provided Employment
Opportunity
Thank You