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INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS I
Lecture 6
Last Lecture:
Gravity
Normal forces
Strings, ropes and Pulleys
Today:
Friction
Parallel to surface,
opposing direction of motion
~ independent of
the area of contact
Depends on the surfaces in contact
Object at rest: Static friction
Object in motion: Kinetic friction
Static Friction, s
fs m s N
F
Kinetic
Friction, k
f k mk N
mk ms
f
mk is coefficient of
kinetic friction
Friction force opposes
direction of motion
F
N is the normal force
Coefficients
of Friction
f ms N
f mk N
ms mk
Example 4.7
ms = 0.577
Chapter 5
Work and Energy
Forms of Energy
Mechanical
Kinetic, gravitational
Thermal
Microscopic mechanical
Electromagnetic
Nuclear
Energy is conserved!
Work
Relates force to change in energy
r r r
W F ( x f xi )
Fx cos
Scalar quantity
Independent of time
Units of Work and Energy
W Fx
SI unit = Joule
1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kgm2/s2
Example 5.0
120 m
Work can be positive or negative
mg
Work of F> 0
Work of N = 0
Work of mg = 0
Work of fk < 0
Example 5.1
120 m
Potential Energy
If force depends on distance, we can define
Potential Energy
This must be independent of Path
-> Conservative Force
PE Fx
PE mgh
Conservation of Energy
PE f KE f PEi KEi
KE PE
Conservative forces:
Gravity, electrical,
Non-conservative forces:
Friction, air resistance
9.9 m/s
Example 5.3
A skier slides down the frictionless slope as shown.
What is the skiers speed at the bottom?
start
H=40 m
finish
L=250 m
28.0 m/s
Example 5.4
Three identical balls are
thrown from the top of a
building with the same initial
speed. Initially,
Ball 1 moves horizontally.
Ball 2 moves upward.
Ball 3 moves downward.
1.51 m/s s
Example 5.6
Tarzan swings from a vine whose
length is 12 m. If Tarzan starts at an
angle of 30 degrees with respect to
the vertical and has no initial speed,
what is his speed at the bottom of
the arc?
5.61 m/s