MODULE 5

Properties of Matter in Bulk

 Matter : a macro view

The three states of matter :

•Solid
•Visible, tangible, rigid or plastic
•Liquid
•Visible, tangible, not rigid nor plastic,
fluid
•Gas
•Particles can not be seen, intangible,
highly compressible, capable of active
movement
 Gases

•indefinite shape and indefinite volume

•The higher the temperature, the faster gas
particles move and the larger the volume of
space they will occupy.

Properties that describe physical behavior of

gases:
•Amount of gas (usually measured in moles)
•Volume (Liters or milliliters)
•Pressure ( atmosphere ; 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101 kPa)
•Temperature (Kelvin; K = oC + 273.15)
 Gases

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

•developed in the mid-19th century
•explains the gas laws.

•Gases are made up of tiny, invisible, particles called

molecules separated by great distances but are in a
constant, random and straight line motion.
•Gas molecules collide with one another and with the
walls of the container.
•Collisions are elastic: the total energy remains constant
•Kinetic energy of the gas molecules is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature.
 Gases

Gas molecules may be :

•Monoatomic He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
•Diatomic H2, O2, N2, CO, Cl2
•Triatomic CO2, O3, NO2, SO2
•Tetratomic NH3, C2H2, PH3
•Pentatomic CH4
 Gases

Gas Laws
•Boyle’s Law (Robert Boyle, 1662)
•For a fixed amount of gas at constant
temperature(T), gas volume(V) is
inversely proportional to gas pressure (P).

PV = c (constant)
P
P1V1 = P2V2

V
 Gases

Gas Laws
•Charle’s Law (Jacques Charles, 1787)
•For a fixed amount of gas at constant P,
V is directly proportional to the absolute
T.

V/ T = c (constant)
V1 V2
= V

T1 T2

T in K
 Gases

Gas Laws
• Ideal Gas Equation
PV = nRT

R = universal gas constant = 0.08205 L-atm/ mol-K

P = atm
T=K
V=L
n = number of moles of the gas
n = mass of gas sample
molecular mass of the gas
 Gases

Gas Laws
•Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure (John
Dalton)
•The total pressure of a mixture of a gas
is the sum of all the partial pressure of the
components of the mixture.

PHe = 6 atm + Par= 2 atm = Ptotal= 8 atm

 Gases

Gas Laws
•Graham’s Law of Diffusion
•Light gases move faster than heavy
ones.
•The rates of diffusion of gases are
inversely proportional to the square
roots of their molecular masses and their
densities.
Rate 1 = (M2)1/2 = (2)1/2
Rate 2 = (M1)1/2 = (1)1/2
 Gases

Gas Laws
•Avogadro’s Law
•At fixed T and P, the volume of a gas is
directly proportional to the amount of gas.

•One mole of a gas at STP (1 atm, 0oC) occupies a

volume of 22.4 L.
•One mole of a gas contains 6.02 x 1023 molecules.
 Liquids

•Practically incompressible
•Indefinite shape but definite volume
•Diffuse slowly and evaporate from open containers
•Properties
•Surface tension
•Vapor pressure
•Viscosity
•Boiling pt
•Freezing pt
 Liquids

•Surface Tension
•Energy or work required to increase the surface area
of a liquid.
•Viscosity
•The resistance to flow.
•Vapor pressure
•Pressure exerted by a vapor (gas) with its liquid.
•Volatile –high vapor pressure
•Non-volatile –low vapor pressure
 Interparticle Forces of
Attraction
•London Dispersion or induced dipole
•Non-polar molecules (CH4, H2, CO2)
•Dipole-dipole
•Polar molecules (H2O, NH3)
•H-bonding
•H attached to a highly electronegative atom like F,
N, O, Cl, S (H2O, NH3 )
•Ionic bonding
•Cations and anions or electrostatic (NaCl, CaO)
•Covalent Bonding
•Network of molecules (silicates, allotropes of C)
•Metallic Bonding
•Metals (Cu, Fe, Au)
 Solids

•Definite volumes and shapes

•Particles are packed against one another
•Particles vibrate about fixed points
•Maybe crystalline or amorphous
•Crystal lattice is due to strong interparticle forces
of attraction
 Solutions

•Homogenous mixtures
•Components
•Solute and solvent
•Solubility
•Maximum amount of solute which can
dissolve in a given amount of solvent
•Concentration of solutions
•Dilute/concentrated
•Saturated/unsaturated/supersaturated
 Factors affecting solubility

•Factors affecting solubility

•Nature of solute and solvent
•Like dissolves like
•Ionic and polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents like H2O
•Non-polar solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents
•Surface area
•Greater surface area means greater solubility
•Agitation
•Stirring aids solubility
•Temperature
•Generally, solubility of solutes increases with increase in T
•For gases, increase in T decreases solubility
 Types of solutions

Solute Solvent examples

S S alloys – steel, brass
L S amalgams - Hg in metal
G S H2 in palladium
S L salt in water
L L gasoline
G L carbonated drinks
G G air