MODULE 6

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STOCHIOMETRY
 deals with the quantities of materials consumed and
produced in chemical reactions

 Atomic masses
 based on the assignment : 12C = 12 amu
 amu – atomic mass units

 THE MOLE
 one mole = 6.022 x 1023 atoms, molecules, ions or
formula units
 6.022 x 1023 is the Avogadro’s number
Formula mass
•Sum of all the atomic masses in a chemical entity
Expressed in amu

Molar mass
•Also traditionally termed as molecular weight
Expressed in grams/mole

•The formula mass and molar mass are numerically equal.

Compound Formula Mass Molar mass

H2 2(1.008) = 2.016 amu 2.016 g/mol
CH4 12.01 + 4(1.008) = 16.042 amu 16.042 g/mol
Na2O 2(22.99) + 16.00 = 61.98 amu 61.98 g/mol
1 mole of H2 2.016 g of H2 6.02 x 1023 molecules of H2
1 mole of O 16.99 g of O 6.02 x 1023 atoms of O

•How many molecules of H2 are present in 25.0 g of H2?

25.0 g H2 x 1 mol H2 x 6.02 x 1023 molecules of H2

2.016 g H2 1 mol of H2

= 7.46 x 1024 molecules of H2

Percent composition of compounds
•% by mass of each element in a compound
•The % by mass of each element in a given compound will
always be the same.
% mass = mass of the element in 1 mole of the compound
mass of one mole of the compound

•What are the mass % C and %H in C2H5OH?

Molar mass of C2H5OH = 2 (12.01) + 6 (1.008) + 16.00
= 46.068 g/mol
%C= 2 (12.01) g C x 100 = 52.24%
46.068 g of C2H5OH

%H= 6 (1.008) g H x 100 = 13.13%

46.068 g of C2H5OH
Empirical Formula
•Simplest whole number ratio of the elements in a compound.

Molecular formula
•True formula of the compound

compound true formula empirical formula

glucose C6H12O6 CH2O
water H2O H2O
table salt NaCl NaCl
benzene C6H6 CH
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT!
What are the molar masses of the ff:
CCl4, C6H12O6, MgSO4

Calculate for the number of moles of H2O,

the number of molecules of H2O and the
number of O atoms in 25.5 g of H2O.
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
MASS/MATTER
When substances react, matter is neither
created nor destroyed

CH4 g) + 2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

one molecule two molecules one molecule two molecules

one mole two moles one mole two moles

16 grams 64 grams 44 grams 36 grams

Balancing chemical reactions
•The kind and number of elements on the reactant side should be
equal to the kind and number of atoms on the product side.

•Subscripts of the elements in a given compound can not be

changed.

•Simplest whole number coefficients should be used as much as

possible.

•Balance the reaction :

N2 + H2 NH3

N2+ 3H2 2NH3

Reactant side : 2N, 6H
Product side : 2N, 6H
Stoichiometric calculations
involving chemical equations
Steps:
•Balance the given reaction.
•Convert known masses of substance to moles.
•Set-up appropriate mole ratios according to the
balanced equation.
•Calculate the number of moles of the desired
reactant or product.
•Calculate from moles to grams, molecules or
desired quantity.
GRAMS OF MOLAR MOLES OF
REACTANT MASS REACTANT

MOLE RATIO

GRAMS OF MOLAR MOLES OF

PRODUCT MASS PRODUCT
•Calculate the mass of water, the number of
molecules of carbon dioxide produced when
50.25 g of CH4 undergoes combustion.

•Balanced reaction: CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O

•Mole ratio : 1 CH4: 2O2:1CO2:2H2O

•Molar masses: CH4 = 16.042 g/mol , H2O = 18.006 g/mol

•Moles of CH4 = 50.25 g CH4 x 1 mole of CH4 = 3.132 moles

16.042 g of CH4
•Mass of H2O = 3.132 mol CH4 x 2 mol H2O x 18.006 g H2O
1 mol CH4 mol H2O
= 112.8 g H2O

•Molecules of CO2= 3.132 mol CH4 x 1mol CO2 x 6.02 x 1023 molecules
1 mol CH4 mol CO2
= 1.886 x 1024 molecules of CO2
Limiting Reactants
Reactant/reagent completely used up in the reaction

LR +

+
excess reactant
Again…practice makes perfect!
Calculate for the mass of H2O and
the number of molecules of H2O
that can be obtained when 20.75 g
of H2 reacts with excess O2.

H2 + O2  H2O (unbalanced)