Human Body Systems

You Cant Have One Without The Other!

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 Enumerate the eleven systems of
the human body
Identify the major parts involved in
each body system
Discuss the function of each body
system
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 Produce a creative outline of the
eleven systems of the human
body. DEADLINE: AUGUST 18, 2017
Verbalize appreciation of the
working process of all the body
systems as ONE
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Body Systems Work Together
If you damage one system, you
may damage several others.

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If you get excited, the nervous system works
with the circulatory system by increasing
your heart rate.

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AIDS destroys the Immune System

As a result you may get:

1. pneumonia (respiratory ),
2. yeast infection (reproductive ),
3. Candida affecting esophagus (digestive)
4. Kaposis sarcoma (integumentary).

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 The Human Body Team

How does the body get the systems to

work together?
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 Levels Of Organization

ATOMS CELLS TISSUES

ORGAN ORGANS
ORGANISM
SYSTEM 8
The Human Body has 4 Main Types of Tissues

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 ORGAN
A group of tissues that work
together to perform closely
related functions.

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Organ A group of organs that work together
to perform a single function
System .

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 There are 11 organ systems in the human body

1. Integumentary System
2. Skeletal System
3. Muscular System
4. Nervous System
5. Endocrine System
6. Cardiovascular System
7. Lymphatic & Immune System
8. Respiratory System
9. Digestive System
10. Urinary System
11. Reproductive System 12
How does the human body
move from place to place
and have the ability to run,
blink or build things?
These things are all made
possible by the skeletal and
muscular systems.

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 Skeletal System
Your skeleton has
five major functions.

It provides shape
and support
Enables you to
move
Protects your
internal organs
Produces blood cells
Stores certain materials
until your body needs them 14
Major Organs of the Skeletal System

Bones
Tendons connect bones to muscles.
Ligaments connect bone to bone.
Cartilage cushions places where
bones connect and offers flexibility.

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 Interesting Facts
A baby is born with 270 bones while an adult
body has 206 bones.
The hands and feet contain half of the bones in
the human body.
Bones are made of the hard mineral calcium,
living cells, blood vessels and nerves.
Bones are made of several layers periosteum,
compact bone, and spongy bone.
A joint is where two bones meet.
Joints can be cartilagenous (spine), ball-and-
socket (shoulders and hips), pivot (neck), gliding
(wrists), and hinged (fingers, elbows, and knees).
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 Muscular System
Your muscles control all
movements of the body tissues,
organs and bones.

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 Major Tissues of the
Muscular System
Your body has
three types of
Muscle tissue.

skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle

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Skeletal muscles are made up of clusters of
filaments of proteins known as actin and
myosin which control muscle contraction and
relaxation

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Skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs.
When one muscle contracts, the other
relaxes.
Movement
Biceps (relaxed) Biceps
Movement (contracted)

Triceps (contracted) Triceps (relaxed)

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 Interesting Facts
There are nearly 600 skeletal muscles that make up
nearly half of the total body weight in the human.
Muscles can only pull they cannot push.
Energy is stored in the muscles in a chemical called ATP.
Lactic acid is released when the muscles are
overworked and lack O2, making the muscles hurt or
ache.
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
The biggest muscles in the body are the gluteus
maximus muscles (buttocks), but the muscle that can21
 Circulatory System aka
Cardiovascular System
The main functions is to transport

Oxygen
Nutrients
Waste

throughout the body

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The main parts of the
Circulatory System are:
Heart
Blood Vessels
Blood

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 Interesting Facts
The heart is a muscle about the size of a fist.
Each blood cell takes around 20 seconds to make its
deliveries and travel back to the heart.
The heart works by contracting and relaxing.
The heart has flapping valves that allow blood to
flow in one direction. The flaps create a lub-dub
sound.
The average person has about 5 liters of blood.
The body can replace blood within a few weeks after
loss.
The four blood types are A, B, AB, and O. 24
 Respiratory System
Your respiratory
system moves
oxygen from the
outside environment
into your body. It
also removes carbon
dioxide and water
from your body.

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 The Main Parts of the
Respiratory system are:

Nose
Mouth
Trachea
Lungs
Diaphragm

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The Respiratory System links to the
Circulatory System to provide cells with
oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Bronchi branch to air
sacs known as aveoli
where gas exchange
occurs

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Gas Exchange
Alveoli
in the lungs
occurs through
the process of
Bronchiole
DIFFUSION

High concentration of
oxygen (O2) moves out
of lungs into blood to
balance concentration.
CO2 does the
opposite (moves from
blood to lungs) 28
The Lungs are only air sacs. In order for
them to move they must work together with a
muscle known as the Diaphragm

Air inhaled
Air
exhaled

Rib cage
Rib cage lowers
rises

Diaphragm
Diaphragm

Inhalation Exhalation

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Breathing is not an
entirely voluntary
process. While you have
control of breathing so
that you can briefly hold
your breath or blow up a
balloon, your body will not
allow you not to breathe.
The brain has control
over the diaphragm if the
level of carbon dioxide in
the blood rises too high. 30
 The Digestive System
The main functions of the digestive
system

Breaks down food into molecules the

body can absorb.

Passes these molecules into the blood to

be carried throughout the body.

Eliminates solid wastes from the body.

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The Main Parts of the Digestive System are:

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 Interesting Facts
Food takes 3 days to complete its journey through
the digestive system.
An adult digestive system is about 30 feet long.
Gravity and bands of muscles help food travel down
the esophagus to the stomach, making it possible to
eat lying down or even upside down.
The stomach is lined with a slimy mucus and releases
an acid called gastric juice to help dissolve food.
Stomach noises are caused by food and air sloshing
around.
Water makes up about 70% of the body. 33
 The Excretory System
Your excretory system collects wastes
produced by cells and removes these
wastes from your body. The removal
process is known as excretion.

Each kidney is about 4

inches long

Weight is 4 6 ounces

The urine output varies from

1 to 2 liters per day. 34
The Main Parts of the Excretory
System

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Kidneys contain millions of small filters called
nephrons, which filter your entire blood supply
every 45 minutes. Filtration takes place because
blood pressure forces water, salt, glucose, amino acids
and urea into structures known as Bowmans
capsules. (Protein and Blood are too large to enter)
Kidney Nephron
Bowmans
capsule

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 Interesting Facts
Leftover waste in the large intestine is called fiber.
Fiber sweeps the digestive system clean as it moves
along.
The large intestine contains millions of bacteria that
feed on the leftovers in the bowel.
Kidneys are located in the middle of the back.
Each kidney contains up to a million tiny units called
nephrons that filter all of the blood in the body.
People with failing kidneys have their blood cleaned by
a dialysis machine or have a new kidney transplanted.
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 Integumentary System
(its your skin)
Your Skin has many important functions:

Covers body and prevents water loss.

Protects body from injury and infection.
Helps regulate body temperature.
Eliminate wastes
Gathers information about the environment
Produce vitamin D
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Integumentary System

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 Major Parts of the
Integumentary System
Skin
Hair
Nails

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 Interesting Facts
Skin cells are made of a tough protein called keratin.
About 40 million dead skin cells are lost each day.
The skin is waterproof. It keeps water out so the
body is not a sponge and holds in moisture so it does
not dry out.
Skin expands to fit the body.
Skin forms bumps when cold and releases sweat
when hot.
The skin repairs itself forming scabs and scars.
Skin absorbs sunlight to make vitamin D.
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 Immune System
Its role is to protect
you from foreign
invaders.

Special cells react to each

kind of pathogen with
defensive tactics targeted
specifically at that type of
pathogen.

A pathogen is a
bacterium, virus, or other
microorganism that can
cause disease.
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 Specialized Immune System Cells
White blood cells that target specific
pathogens are called lymphocytes.
T-cells and B-cells are two major types of
lymphocytes. Each type has a specific job.

B- Cells

T- Cells
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 What are Antibodies?
Antibodies are special proteins that
recognize and defeat invading
pathogens.

Antibodies are made by the B-cells.

Once a pathogen is encountered by

the B-cells it memorizes it and next
time it encounters the pathogen it
will have antibodies ready to fight
the pathogen.
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 What are Antigens?
An antigen is any substance that when
introduced into the body stimulates the
production of an antibody immune
response.

Antigens include:

Toxins
Bacteria
Foreign blood cells
Cells of transplanted organs.
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 What is a Vaccination?
Most vaccines contain a little bit of a disease
germ that is weak or dead. Vaccines do NOT
contain the type of germ that makes you sick.

Having this little bit of the germ inside your

body makes your body's immune system build
antibodies to it.

Vaccines can be administered by a needle,

mouth and some through a nasal spray. 46
 Interesting Facts
The immune system is constantly on guard to
keep germs, bugs, and poisons out the body.
The skin is the immune systems first line of
defense.
There are germ-killing chemicals in saliva, tears,
ear wax, and mucus.
White blood cells destroy germs that enter
through cuts.
Sticky yellow pus is made of bodies of white blood
cells that die in the battle against germs.
An allergy is the immune system making a
mistake. 47
 Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is an
extensive drainage
network that helps keep
bodily fluid levels in
balance and defends the
body against infections.

It filters out organisms

that cause disease,
produces certain white
blood cells and generates
antibodies 48
 Major Parts of the
Lymphatic System
It is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels
that carry lymph a clear, watery fluid that
contains protein molecules, salts, glucose,
urea, and other substances throughout the
body.

It works closely with the immune system and

the circulatory system.

The Spleen stores many of the white blood

cells needed for the immune response. 49
 Endocrine System
1. The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands
that secrete special proteins called hormones.

2. The glands release the hormones into the bloodstream

and they travel to the target cells or organs.

3. The main function of the endocrine system is to

maintain a stable environment within the body or
homeostasis.

4. The hormones also help the body to regulate:

Growth
Sexual development
Metabolism
Sugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood
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51
 Glands and Hormones
Gland Hormone Produced Effects

Hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone Acts on the kidney to

regulate fluid balance
Pituitary 9 different hormones Growth and regulates other
glands
Thyroid Thyroxine Metabolism

Pancreas Insulin & glucagon Blood sugar

Adrenal Epinephrine Heart rate & blood

pressure
Testes Testosterone Sperm & male
characteristics
Ovaries Estrogen & progesterone Eggs & female
characteristics 52
 Interesting Facts
Endocrine glands release hormones, chemicals that
act as signals telling different parts of the body
what to do.
The body makes over 20 hormones, each with a
different job to do.
The blood carries hormones around the body until
reaching the target organ, the body part needing it.
Hormones can affect the way a person feels.
As a person ages, the body makes less of some
hormones. 53
 Reproductive System
Major Structures
ovaries, uterus, and
breasts (in females);
testes and penis (in
males)

Functions
produces gametes and
offspring
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 The Reproductive System
Functions to make new individuals by producing, storing
and releasing specialized sex cells known as gametes.
Cells from the male reproductive system, known as
sperm, must fuse with cells of the female reproductive
system, known as eggs.

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 Reproduction in both males and females is
regulated by hormones.
In males - Testosterone is produced by the
testes. It is required for sperm production
and development of male physical
characteristics.
In females - Estrogen and progesterone are
female hormones produced by the ovaries.
Estrogen is required for the development of
eggs and female physical characteristics.
Progesterone prepare the uterus for the arrival
of a developing embryo. 56
 Interesting Facts
A person grows over 5 million times bigger
changing from a single cell to a newborn human
being.
Humans grow for about 20 years, changing from a
child to an adult.
Sperm and eggs have only 23 chromosomes each.
When joined together, sperm and egg make a
whole cell called a fertilized egg which can grow
into a baby.
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 Nervous System
Major Structures
brain, spinal cord,
nerves, sense organs

Functions
regulates behavior;
maintains homeostasis;
regulates other organ
systems; controls
sensory and motor
functions
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The Nervous System:
The nervous system is the number one communication
center of the body. The basic cell type that carries the
communications is a network of neurons that transmit
electrical impulses across the synapse-gap between
neurons.
NEURON
CELL Nucleus

Axon terminals
Cell Body

Myelin Sheath

Dendrites
Nodes 59
Once an impulse begins,
it moves along the axon
in the direction of the
impulse. To pass
between neurons the
impulse must be sent
across a gap known as a
synapse which sends the
message from one
neuron to the other.
When the impulse reaches the end of the axon it
transfers its impulse to another cell by releasing
chemicals known as neurotransmitters which
pass the message across the synapse. 60
The nervous system is divided into two
divisions:
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
Responsible for relaying messages,
processing and analyzing information .
The Peripheral Nervous System
Receives information from the environment
and relays commands from the CNS to the
organs and glands

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 The Brain
Cerebrum

Thalamus

Pineal Gland

Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Pituitary Gland

Pons
Spinal Cord
Medulla oblongata

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The brain is the main switching area of the central
nervous system.
Cerebrum Responsible for voluntary activities of
the body (Intelligence, learning and judgment)
Cerebellum Coordinates muscle movement
Brain Stem Consists of the pons and the medulla
oblongata. Pass message between brain and body
Thalamus Connects messages from the sense
organs to the Cerebrum
Hypothalamus - Control center for hunger, thirst,
anger and body temperature. 63
 Interesting Facts
The left half of the brain controls the right half of the
body and vice-versa.
The human brain is more powerful and complicated
than the worlds biggest computer. It can store millions
of memories and do billions of calculations every day.
The human body has over 100 billion neurons in all.
The brain can receive over 100,000 signals per second.
Messages whiz through the nerves at up to 270 mph.
Neurons reaching from the spinal cord to the toes are
the longest cells in the human body, measuring up to 4
feet in length.
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 MIDTERM OUTPUT
Make a creative outline of the eleven systems
of the human body, INDIVIDUALLY
Use any material of choice that will show
creativity in presenting the body system
Economical sensitivity is highly encouraged.

DEADLINE OF SUBMISSION:
AUGUST 18, 2017(FRIDAY) 65
 Good Bless on the Midterm
Examination!!!
Please Study Hard

He that walketh with wise

men shall be wise. But a
companion of fools shall be
destroyed. 66