Training Programme on Earthquake resistant construction Practices

Holistic Understanding of 3 Rs (Repairs, Rehabilitation & Retrofitting)

Holistic Understanding of Evaluation and Strengthening

Presentation by:

Assistant Prof. Poonam I. Modi

L.D.College of Engineering

1
Introduction

Prevention is better than cure

Deterioration in Concrete structures is inevitable.
Process of deterioration is pervasive be it housing stock, road
network, bridges or industrial structures.
If deterioration or damage is not addressed in time then the structure
may cease to be serviceable, or worse yet catastrophic failures could
occur as well.

A stitch in time saves nine

2
Introduction Cont
The 2005 ASCE Report card states that it would take $ 1.6 trillion
spent over the next five years to repair and rehabilitate the Americas
infrastructure .
In United kingdom, 50% of the total construction expenditure is spent
on repair, rehabilitation and strengthening work.
Deterioration to concrete structures in India too is increasing at an
alarming rate. However exact figure on amount of repairs is not
available.
Delaying repairs usually results in acceleration of the deterioration
that leads to more costly repairs in future

3
Understanding through an Analogy

Pathology of Structures v/s Human Body

Structures, like people

- Get older
- Need check ups
- Get sick
- Need treatment when
ill
- May be placed on life
support

Structures, like people can

maintain their good health
with age
- If properly cared for
- Examined
- Treated when needed 4
Understanding through an Analogy

Pathology of Structures v/s Human Body

Cracks, deflection, spalling,

Symptoms leaching, erosion, corrosion,
stains

1.Review of plans, specifications,

Preliminary construction records
2.Site observations, conditions,
Investigations:- Blood measurement of geometry,
tests, MRIs, Scan deflection, cracks
3.NDT
4. Sampling, testing and analysis
5
Understanding through an Analogy cont

Pathology of Structures v/s Human Body

Environmental factors
Accidental loading
Construction errors
Design Errors
Over loading
Earthquake, Flood,
Tsunami, Fire
Diagnosis Determining Settlement or movement in
the causes of the problem foundations
Chemical attack
Weathering
Inadequate maintenance
Abrasion
Fatigue effects
Corrosion of reinforcement
6
Understanding through an Analogy cont

Pathology of Structures v/s Human Body

Preservation
Rehabilitation
Repair
Treatment Restoration
Strengthening
Retrofitting
Demolition

7
Approach - New construction / Retrofitting

The mindset of engineer working on repair/strengthening works has to be

different than it is for new work.
In repair projects, the structure already exists, has performance
characteristics that may or may not meet the prevalent codal provisions.
Rehabilitation Consultant or a Repair Practitioner ought to have knowledge and
familiarity with not only Structural Design works but of Materials technology,
Physics and Chemistry as well.
Treating only the symptoms without adequate understanding of the cause and
effect phenomenon leads to defects camouflaged beneath the finishes.
A rational approach to any repair and rehabilitation work is to consider the
source of the problem and the symptoms together.

8
Road Map

Maintenance
Preparation of after completion
of work
Selection of drawing,
specifications, Bid
repair
and negotiation
Material work and finally
Determination and
execution of work
of methods
Causes of
deterioration
Conditional
Evaluation

9
Seismic Evaluation

Need for Seismic Evaluation

Buildings not designed to the codes

Up-gradation of the seismic code
Upgrading of seismic zone
Deterioration of strength due to ageing of structure
Modification (addition/alteration) in the existing structure affecting its strength
Change in the usage of the building

Evaluation Criteria

Determine the main causes of damage in the structure.

Determine the deficiencies/ weakness in original construction & design that leads to
the damage.
Performance criteria / Expected performance of the life safety of the building.

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Process of Seismic Evaluation

Setting of goals, Performance Levels,

Acceptability criteria

Preliminary Evaluation

Acceptability
criteria satisfied

Yes
No

Detailed Evaluation

No retrofit required
No
Acceptability
criteria satisfied
Yes
Retrofitting
required 11
Seismic Evaluation

Performance Levels

Life Safety Performance Level Building performance that includes significant

damage to both structural and non-structural during a design earthquake, though at
least some margin against either partial or total structural collapse remains.
Injuries may occur, but the level of risk for life-threatening injury & entrapment is
low.

Immediate Occupancy Performance Level Building performance that includes

very little damage to both structural and non-structural during a design earthquake.
The basic vertical and lateral-force resisting systems retain nearly all their pre-
earthquake strength & stiffness.
The level of risk for life-threatening injury as a result of damage is very low.
Although minor repair may be required, the building is fully habitable after the
design earthquake, and the needed repairs may be completed even when the
building is occupied.

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Seismic Evaluation

Preliminary Evaluation:

Preliminary evaluation involves the following steps:

Site visits and Collection Data
Configuration-related checks
Strength related checks
Establish the feasibility of the Retrofitting project & requirement of
detailed evaluation.

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Preliminary Evaluation - Site visit
Category
1. General Information of the
building
2. Structural System description
3. Building Type
4. Site soil classification
5. General condition
6. Potential for pounding and falling hazards
7.Building use and nature of occupancy
8. Location of the masonry infill walls
Data to be collected
Number of storeys, Dimension, Year
of construction
Framing vertical lateral force
resisting system, floor and roof
diaphragm connection to frames,
basement & foundation system
Regular or irregular configuration
Rocky hard soils, Medium soil, soft
soil
Deterioration of materials, damage
from past earthquakes, addition /
alteration
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Preliminary Evaluation cont

Configuration- related checks Strength- related checks

1. Load Path
1. Structural capacity check
2. Geometry
2. Shear stress in columns, walls
3. Weak storey
3. Axial stress in Moment frame
4. Soft storey
columns
5. Vertical discontinuity
4. The structure or individual member
6. Mass irregularity
are adequate for the intended use.
7. Torsion irregularity
5. The structure or individual member
8. Distance between the adjacent buildings
may be adequate for existing loads
9. Short columns
but may not be able to take the
10. Deterioration of concrete
other loads.

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 Detailed Evaluation

Detailed evaluation of the building will be required if any of the following conditions are
met.

The building fails to comply with the requirements of the Preliminary Evaluation.
A building is 6 storeys and higher.
Buildings is located on incompetent or liquefiable soils or located near the active fault
line / or with inadequate foundation details.
Building with inadequate connection between the primary structural members.

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Procedure for Detailed Evaluation

Checking original design details:

Inadequate shear capacity

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