Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reactores I
Profesora:
Ing. Violeta Chvarri
Bibliografa
Operaciones
de Procesos Operaciones
Acondiciona- Qumicos de Separacin
miento
materiales ~10-25% Productos
costo total
Cintica
Reactor Procesos
Qumico Qumicos
$$$
Transferencia de
masa
Control de
Transferencia Procesos
de calor
1. Microscpico o molecular:
Conjunto de molculas reactantes: elemento de fludo
Caracterizadas por: concentracin Ci, temperatura T, presin (P),
densidad ()
2. Macroscpico local ejemplo:
Partcula slida que reacciona con un fludo
Dentro de la partcula pueden haber gradientes de Ci, T, etc.
3. Macroscpico Global -ejemplo:
Conjunto de partculas slidas reaccionando con un fludo
Adems de los gradientes locales dentro de cada partcula, pueden
haber gradientes globales dentro del recipiente: de partcula a partcula
o de punto a punto dentro del fludo.
Niveles 1 y 2:
dominio de la
Cintica
Nivel 3:
dominio de la
Ingeniera de
las Reacciones
Qumicas
simple systems are those in which the stoichiometry and kinetics can
each be represented by a single equation.
complex systems, which require more than one equation, and this
introduces the additional features of product distribution and reaction
network. Product distribution is not uniquely determined by a single
stoichiometric equation, but depends on the reactor type, as well as on the
relative rates of two or more simultaneous processes, which form a
reaction network. From the point of view of kinetics, we must follow the
course of reaction with respect to more than one species in order to
determine values of more than one rate constant.
2.1.TYPES AND EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS
(This network is series with respect to HCHO and parallel with respect to CH4 and O2)
2.2.MEASURES OF REACTION EXTENT AND SELECTIVITY
Reaction Stoichiometry and Its Significance
For a complex system, determination of the stoichiometry of a reacting system in the
form of the maximum number (R) of linearly independent chemical equations is a
useful preliminary step in a kinetics study once all the reactants and products are
known. It tells us the minimum number (usually) of species to be analyzed for, and
enables us to obtain corresponding information about the remaining species.
dCB
SP dt
dCC
dt
.
Distribucin de productos
dCB k1 dCC k2
dCA k1 k2 dCA k1 k2
CB k1 CA
xB 1
CA0 k1 k2 CA0
CC k2 CA
xC 1
CA0 k1 k2 C A0
CB k1
xB xA
CA0 k1 k2 Evaluacin de los rendimientos hacia productos B y
C en funcin de la conversin para el caso de las 2
CC k2 reacciones competitivas (en paralelo).
xC xA
CA0 k1 k2
Reacciones en serie o consecutivas A
k1
B
k3
C
En este caso, la conversin usualmente se define para el reactivo A. El rendimiento para cada uno
de los productos se define de la misma forma que en el caso anterior, excepto que las ecuaciones
cinticas conducirn a ecuaciones de rendimiento en funcin de la conversin diferentes, a saber :
k3
dCB k3CB CB k1 C A k1 C A
1 xB
dCA k1CA C A0 k1 k3 C A0 C A0
k3
dCD k3CB CD k1 C A k1 k3 CA
xD 1 1
C A0 k1 k3 C A0 k1 k3 C A0
dC A k1C A
Usando la definicin de conversin en las ecuaciones anteriores se obtiene una expresin para el
rendimiento de B y de C en funcin precisamente de la conversin.
1 1
xB (1 x A ) (1 x A ) r xD x A x B (1 x A ) (1 x A ) r
r 1 r 1
k3
Donde: r
k1
Establecer experimentalmente la rA ,
La integral para n = 1 da
CA = CAo exp(-kA t)
Tomando logaritmos
Si (- rA ) = kA CA CB
La integrada ser
-dCA/CACB = kAdt
Kinds of Phases
Usage Advantages Disadvantages
Present
1. Gas phase 1. When 1. Continuous operation 1. Lowest conversion
2. Liquid phase agitation is 2. Good temperature control per unit volume, very
3. Liquid Solid required large reactors are
2. Series 3. Easily adapts to two phase necessary to obtain
configurations runs high conversions
for different 4. Simplicity of construction 2. By-passing and
concentration
5. Low operating (labor) cost channeling possible
streams
6. Easy to clean with poor agitation
Characteristics Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactor CSTR
Run at steady state ,the flow rate in must equal the mass flow rate out, otherwise
the tank will overflow or go empty transient state).
The feed assumes a uniform composition throughout the reactor, exit stream has
the same composition as in the tank.
Dividing the volume of the tank by the average volumetric flow rate through the
tank gives the residence time or the average amount of time a discrete quantity of
reagent spends inside the tank
Some important aspects of the CSTR:
It is economically beneficial to operate several CSTRs in series. This
allows, for example, the first CSTR to operate at a higher reagent
concentration and therefore a higher reaction rate. In these cases, the sizes
of the reactors may be varied in order to minimize the total capital
investment required to implement the process.
Kinds of
Phases Usage Advantages Disadvantages
Present