CE 319 F

Daene McKinney

Elementary Mechanics of Fluids

Resistance
 Flow Past a Flat plate
Boundary layer: Region next to an object
where fluid has its velocity changed due to
shear resistance of the boundary.
Velocity gradient exists between free stream
and object, thus shear stress exists at surface
which retards the flow.
Boundary layer grows in downstream
direction, until the onset of turbulence
VD
Pipes Re , Transition Re 2,000

Vx
Plates Re , Transition Re 500,000

Shear stress is high at leading edge and

decreases until transition and then increases
Turbulent region
again
Laminar region 0.058
Stress : 0.5 U o2
Stress : 0.332
Uo
Re x
Re x 1 / 5
x 0.072
Resistance : F 0.5 U o2 BL
Resistance : F 0.664BU o Re L Re L 1 / 5
Fs 1.33 F 0.523 1520
Coefficien t : CF Coefficien t : CF
BLU o2 /2 Re L AU o2 ln 2 0.06 * Re L Re L
 Shear Stress Coefficients
Shear stress coefficient = ratio of shear stress
at wall to dynamic pressure of free stream

0
cf
U o2 / 2

Total shearing force

Fs 0dA
A
U o2
c f dA
2 A
Fs
Cf
U o2 / 2
 Ex (9.77)
Given: Ship prototype 500 ft long, wetted area of 25,000
ft2, and velocity of 30 ft/s in sea water at 10oC.
Model is in fresh water at 60oF, model:prototype
Shear resistance on model
scale = 1/100, and Froude numbers are matched.
Drag is calculated as flat plate with model wetted VL 3 * 5L
Re L 5
1.23x106
area and length. A drag of 0.1 lbf is measured in the
model tests.
1.22 x10
0.523 1520
Find: Drag on the ship.
Cf 2 0.00293
ln (0.06 Re L ) Re L
Froude No. similarity
V 2 A
Fm Cf (0.00293) * 0.5 *1.94 * 32 * 2.5
Frm Frp 2

Vm Vp Fm 0.0639 lbf

gLm gL p Fwave Ftotal Fshear 0.1 0.0639 0.0361lbf
Vm Lm 1 1

Vp Lp 100 10
Vm (1 / 10) * 30 3 ft / s
 Ex (9.77)
Scale up of wave drag

C p m C p p
p p

V 2 / 2 V 2 / 2
m p
pm mVm2

p p pV p2

Force on Prototype

3
Fm pm Am mVm2 Am m Lm 1.94 1
3

Fp p p Ap pV p2 Ap p L p 1.99 100
1.99
Fp Fm 1003 0.0361* 1.99 *106
1.94 1.94
Fp 3.7 x104 lbf
 Lift of an Airfoil
Forces acting on airfoil: Velocity over the top
of foil is greater than free stream velocity,
pressure there is less than freestream.
Similarly, the pressure on the bottom of the
foil is greater than freestream pressure. This
difference in pressure contributes to the lift of
the foil.
Shear stress along the foil acts to drag on the
foil.
 Drag of a Thin Plate
For a plate parallel to the flow, shear forces
are the only ones acting

Vo2
FD 2C f BL
2

For a plate normal to the flow, shear and

pressure forces act

Vo2
FD (0.8 1.2) BL
2
For a more general object

Vo2
FD C D Ap
2
 Drag Coefficients
Coefficient of Drag

FD
CD
Vo2
Ap
2
 HW (11.4, 11.7, 11.56)
11.4
 Ex (11.3)
Given: Pressure distribution is shown, flow
is left to right.
Find: Find CD
Solution: CD is based on the projected area of
the block from the direction of flow. Force
on downstream face is:
FD Drag C p Ap V 2 / 2 0.5 Ap V 2 / 2

The total force on each side face is: FS C p Ap V / 2 0.5 Ap V / 2

2 2

The drag force on one face is: FS Drag FS sin 0.5 Ap V 2 / 2 * 0.5
The total drag force is: FDrag 2( FS ) Drag ( FD ) Drag

2 * (0.5 Ap V 2 / 2 * 0.5) 0.5 Ap V 2 / 2 C D Ap V 2 / 2

Coefficient of Drag is: CD=1
 Ex (11.8)
Given: Flag pole, 35 m high, 10 cm diameter,
in 25-m/s wind, Patm = 100 kPa, T=20oC
Find: Moment at bottom of flag pole H Vo2 H
Solution:
M FD C D Ap
2 2 2
5 252 35
1.51x10 m / s, 1.20 kg / m
2 3
0.95 * 0.10 * 35 *1.2 * *
2 2
VD 25 * 0.1
Re 1.66 x105 21.8 kN
1.51x105
C D 0.95 (figure 11 5)
 FB

Ex (11.57) FD

WB
Given: Spherical balloon 2-m diameter, filled WH
Vo2
with helium @std conditions. Empty weight FD C D Ap e

= 3 N. 2
2 FD 2 *1.422 0.739
Find: Velocity of ascent. Vo
Solution: C D Ap C D ( / 4) * 2 2 *1.225 CD

Iteration: Guess CD=0.4

Fy 0 FB FD WB WHe
0.739
Vo 1.36 m / s
air D FD 3 He
3
D 3
0.4
6 6

FD 3 ( air He ) D3 Check Re
6
VD 1.36 * 2
287 3 Re 1.86 x105
3 air (1 ) 2 1.46 x10 5
2,077 6
1.422 N Iteration: CD=0.42

0.739
Vo 1.33 m / s
0.42