PENDAHULUAN

MIKROBIOLOGI

dr.Dedeh Kurniasih
Laboratorium Mikrobiologi FK UMP
Tujuan pembelajaran
Menjelaskan asal usul mikroorganisme
Menyebutkan tokoh/perintis dalam
bidang mikrobiologi
Menyebutkan kaidah mikroba sebagai
penyebab penyakit (Postulat Koch)
Menjelaskan perbandingan organisme
eukariotik dan prokariotik
 Reference
Jawetz, Melnick& Adelbergs Medical Microbiology,
25th Editiion by Geo. F. Brooks, Karen C. Carroll,
Janet S. Butel, and Stephen A. Morse, McGraw-Hill,
Mikrobiologi Kedokteran, Edisi Revisi, Pengarang
Staf Pengajar FK UI, Binarupa Aksara.
Lippincotts Illustrated Reviews Microbiology 2nd
edition by Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe,
Bruce D. Fisher, 2007, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Medical Microbiology by FH Kayser, K.A. Bienz, J.
Eckert, R.M.Zinkernagel, Thieme, 2005.
Microbiology defined
The study of microorganisms, where the individual
cells of the 'microbe' can't be seen by the unaided
human eye'
That is, we need to use specialized detection
systems-usually optical instruments termed
microscopes.
There are 2 main type of microscopes in use:
Bright field microscope: 1000 times
Electron microscope: 10 times
What is microbiology?

Bacteriology
Virology
Mycology
Immunology
Parasitology
Mikroorganisme Bagi Kehidupan
Manusia
Mikroorganisme/mikroba : organisme hidup yg
berukuran sgt kecil dan hanya dapat diamati dg
mikroskop
Mikroorganisme ada yg uniseluler dan ada yg
multiseluler
Contoh mikroorganisme : bakteri, virus, fungi, alga
mikroskopis, protozoa.
Mikroorganisme cenderung diasosiasikan dg
penyakit infeksi/pembusukan makanan
Mikroorganisme alami dlm tubuhflora normal
 Comparison of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells
Characteristic Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
Chromosome Single, circular Multiple
Nucleus No nuclear membrane or Membrane-bound, nucleoli
nucleoli present
Membrane-bound Not present Present (examples include
organelles mitochondria and endoplasmic
reticulum)
Cell wall Usually present, many contain Present in plant cells, no
peptidoglycan peptidoglycan
Plasma No carbohydrates, most lack Sterol and carbohydrates
membrane sterols present
Ribosome 70S 80S
Average size 0,2-2 m in diameter 10-100 m in diameter
Replication Binary fission Budding or mitosis
 Procaryotes
Procaryotes (refers
mainly to the bacteria)
No nucleus
Generally circular DNA
genome
+/- cell wall
Can have
extracrosomal DNA
DNA without introns
Haploid (chromosome)
Binary division
 Eucaryotes
Eucaryotes (include
fungi, protozoa,
helminth)
Have nucleus
Other membrane
organelles
Diploid chromosomes
Mitotic & meiotic
division
Have introns and
exons
BACTERIA
Reproduce asexually by binary
transverse fission.
Do not possess the nucleus typical of
eucaryotic microorganisms.
The cell walls of these organisms are
rigid (with some exceptions, e.g., the
mycoplasma).
ATYPICAL BACTERIA
Chlamydiae
Obligate intracellular parasites that are
able to reproduce only in living cells.
Found in two stages: the infectious,
nonreproductive particles called
elementary bodies ( 0.3 m) and the
noninfectious, intracytoplasmic,
reproductive forms known as initial (or
reticulate) bodies ( 1 m).
ATYPICAL BACTERIA
Rickettsiae
Obligate intracellular parasites.
Rod shaped to coccoid.
Reproduce by binary transverse fission.
The diameter of the individual cell is
from 0.31 m.
Have cell wall like bacteria
Virus
Contain only one type of nucleic acid,
either DNA or RNA
No enzymatic energy producing system
No protein synthesizing apparatus
Force infected host cells to synthesize
virus particles
A little History
Before about 1650 philosophers
believed in SPONTANEOUS
GENERATION
Significant discoveries altered this
thinking.
Sejarah perkembangan
Mikrobiologi
Some of the key players were:
ANTHONY van LEEUWENHOEK, 1674. Mid 17th
Century probably 1st to observe microbes under
max. 200x magnification
Although Robert Hooke first to observe microbes
through magnification- Its thought he saw
protozoa (larger cells such as amoebae)
 Pada thn 1858 ilmuwan Jerman bernama
Rudolf Virchow mengemukakan teori
biogenesis, yg menyatakan bahwa semua
sel hidup hanya dapat timbul dari sel hidup
yg ada sebelumnya
LOUIS PASTEUR :
Demonstrated by the use
of sterile media that
microbes were in fact
present in air
And that air does not
create microbes
Used broths in flasks and
S funneled microbial trap
experiments prove that
Spontaneous Generation
is wrong.
Fermentation
Pasteurization
Joseph LISTER (1860)
Adopted the use of 'aseptic' techniques which lead
to its general adoption
 ROBERT KOCH (1876)
Prove that specific
infectious diseases
were caused by
specific organisms.
Experiments with the
very lethal disease
(especially of cattle)
anthrax
Discover the Koch
bacilli (Mycobacterium
tuberculosis) 1882
KOCHS POSTULATES
1. The same 'pathogen' must be present in
every case of the disease
2. The pathogen must be isolated from the
diseased host and grown in pure culture
3. The pathogen when inoculated into a
susceptible uninfected host causes the
disease
4. The pathogen must be re-isolated in
pure culture from the inoculated animal
Edward Jenner, 1796 First successful vaccination
(virus yang di lumpuhkan)
Relationship of cowpox to smallpox
Smallpox (virus) 30-40% mortality
Viremia followed by death
Last naturally occurring case in Africa, 1976
Role of WHO in smallpox eradication
(pemberantasanpromotif, kuratif, preventif,
rehabilitatif)
Possible because humans are the only smallpox
host.
 Griffith 1928 Experiment to determine
which part of a pneumococcus bacteria caused
the disease.
1944 Genetic material is DNA, not the
capsule, not the cytoplasm. Provided the
groundwork for Avery and McLeods definitive
work, as well as for Watson and Crick (1953)
DNA Structure
Fleming 1929 Penicillin (beta lactam ring in
outer layer of a bacteria is inhibited, making cell
wall synthesis impossible)
 Terima kasih
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