P-wave

Particles oscillate back and forth

Wave travels down rod, not particles
Particle motion parallel to direction of wave propagation
S-wave

Particles oscillate back and forth

Wave travels down rod, not particles
Particle motion perpendicular to direction of wave propagation
 Boundary Effects

0 0

u0
Boundary Effects

0 0

u0
Boundary Effects

2 0

u0
Boundary Effects

0 0

u0

At centerline, displacement is always zero

Stress doubles momentarily as waves pass each other
 Boundary Effects (Fixed End)

0 0

u0
Boundary Effects (Fixed End)

0 0

u0
Boundary Effects (Fixed End)
2 0
0

u0
Boundary Effects (Fixed End)

0
0

u0
 Boundary Effects (Fixed End)

0
0

u0

Response at boundary is exactly the same as for case

of two waves of same polarity traveling toward each other

At fixed end, displacement is zero and stress is momentarily

doubled. Polarity of reflected wave is same as that of
incident wave
 Boundary Effects (Fixed End)

0 Displacement
0

u0

Response at boundary is exactly the same as for case

of two waves of same polarity traveling toward each other

At fixed end, displacement is zero and stress is momentarily

doubled. Polarity of reflected stress wave is same as that of
incident wave. Polarity of reflected displacement is reversed.
Boundary Effects
0

=0
u0
Boundary Effects

=0
u0
Boundary Effects

=0
u0
Boundary Effects

=0
u0
Boundary Effects

=0
u0

At centerline, stress is always zero

Particle velocity doubles momentarily as
waves pass each other
Boundary Effects (Free End)

=0
u0
Boundary Effects (Free End)

=0
u0
Boundary Effects (Free End)

=0
u0
Boundary Effects (Free End)

=0
0
u0
 Boundary Effects (Free End)
Displacement

=0
0
u0
Response at boundary is exactly the same as for case
of two waves of opposite polarity traveling toward each other

At free end, stress is zero and displacement is momentarily

doubled. Polarity of reflected stress wave is opposite that of
incident wave. Polarity of reflected displacement wave is unchanged.
Boundary Effects (Material Boundaries)
1 E1 1 A1 M1 2 E 2 2 A 2 M 2

incident transmitted

reflected
Boundary Effects (Material Boundaries)
transmitted
incident

reflected

At material boundary,
displacements must be continuous

Ai + Ar = At

equilibrium must be satisfied

i + r = t
Boundary Effects (Material Boundaries)
transmitted
incident

reflected

Using equilibrium and compatibility,

1 z z 1
Ar Ai r i
1z 1z
2 2 z
At Ai t i
1z 1z

z 2 v2 v z = Impedance ratio
1 1
Boundary Effects (Material Boundaries)
transmitted
incident

reflected

Stiff Soft
2 = 1
v2 = v1/2

z 2 v2 v z = 0.5
1 1
Boundary Effects (Material Boundaries)
transmitted
incident

reflected

Stiff Soft

Ar = Ai / 3 Displacement amplitude is reduced

At = 4Ai / 3 Displacement amplitude is increased

Boundary Effects (Material Boundaries)
transmitted
incident

reflected

Stiff Soft

r = - i / 3 Stress amplitude is reduced, reversed

t = 2i / 3 Displacement amplitude is reduced

Boundary Effects (Material Boundaries)
Consider limiting condition: v2 0

z = 0

Stiff Soft
Boundary Effects (Material Boundaries)
Consider limiting condition: v2 0

z = 0

Stiff Soft

Ar = Ai Displacement amplitude is unchanged

At = 2Ai Displacement amplitude at end of rod

is doubled - free surface effect
Boundary Effects (Material Boundaries)
Consider limiting condition: v2 0

z = 0

Stiff Soft

r = - i Polarity of stress is reversed,

amplitude unchanged

t = 0 Stress is zero - free surface effect

Wave Propagation Example
Dr Layer
 Three Dimensional Elastic Solids

yy

yx
zy 2u xx xy xz
2
xz t x y z
xx
y zy 2 v yx yxy yxz
zx 2
xy
t x y z
x 2 w zx zy zz
z zz
2
t x y z

Displacements on left
Stresses on right
Three Dimensional Elastic Solids
2u
2 ( ) 2 u
t x
2v Using 3-dimensional
2 ( ) 2v stress-strain and
t y strain-displacement
relationships
2w
2 ( ) 2 w
t z

2 ( 2 ) 2 2 ( 2 )
v p
2 2
vp
t 2
t 2

or
x 2
2
2 x
x v s x
2 2
vs
t 2
t 2

Three Dimensional Elastic Solids
2u
2 ( ) 2 u
t x
2v Twotypes2of waves can exist in
2 ( ) v
t y
an infinite body
2w p-waves
2 ( ) 2 w
t zs-waves

2 ( 2 ) 2 2 ( 2 )
v p
2 2
vp
t 2
t 2

or
x 2
2
2 x
x v s x
2 2
vs
t 2
t 2

Waves in a Layered Body

Waves perpendicular to boundaries

transmitted P

reflected P
Incident P

p-waves
Waves in a Layered Body

Waves perpendicular to boundaries

transmitted SH

reflected SH
Incident SH

SH-waves
Waves in a Layered Body

Inclined Waves

Refracted SV

Refracted P

reflected P
Incident P
reflected SV

Incident p-wave
Waves in a Layered Body

Inclined Waves

Refracted SV

Refracted P

reflected P
Incident SV
reflected SV

Incident SV-wave
Waves in a Layered Body

Inclined Waves

Refracted SH

Incident SH
When wave passes from
Reflected SH
stiff to softer material, it is
refracted to a path closer
Incident SH-wave
to being perpendicular to
the layer boundary
Waves in a Layered Body

Vs=500 fps
Waves are nearly
vertical by the time
Vs=1,000 fps
they reach the
ground surface
Vs=1,500 fps

Vs=2,000 fps

Vs=2,500 fps
Waves in a Semi-infinite Body
The earth is obviously not an infinite body.
For near-surface earthquake engineering problems
the earth is idealized as a semi-infinite body with
a planar free surface
Surface wave
Free surface

H1

H2 reflected

H3
incident
Surface Waves Rayleigh-waves
Love-waves
Rayleigh-waves

Comparison of Rayleigh wave and body wave velocities

Rayleigh waves travel

slightly more slowly
than s-waves
Rayleigh-waves
Horizontal and vertical motion of Rayleigh waves

Rayleigh wave amplitude

decreases quickly with depth
Attenuation of Stress Waves

The amplitudes of stress waves in real

materials decrease, or attenuate, with
distance

Two primary sources:

Material damping

Radiation damping
Attenuation of Stress Waves

Material damping

A portion of the elastic energy of stress

waves is lost due to heat generation

Specific energy decreases as

the waves travel through the material

Consequently, the amplitude of the stress

waves decreases with distance
Attenuation of Stress Waves

Radiation damping
The specific energy can also decrease
due to geometric spreading

Consequently, the amplitude of the stress

waves decreases with distance even though
the total energy remains constant
Attenuation of Stress Waves

Both types of damping are important, though one

may dominate the other in specific situations
Transfer Function

The transfer function determines how each frequency

in the bedrock (input) motion is amplified, or deamplified
by the soil deposit.

A Transfer function may be viewed as a filter that acts upon

some input signal to produce an output signal.

input output
Transfer Function
(filter)
Transfer Function
Linear elastic layer on rigid base

u(0,t)
u

u(H,t)

At free surface (z = 0),

Aei(wt+kz)
t(0, t) = 0 g(0, t) = 0 A=B

Bei(wt-kz) u(z, t) = 2Acos kz eiwt

Factor of 2 amplification
Transfer Function
Linear elastic layer on rigid base

u(0,t)
u

z
Transfer function
H relates input
to output

u(H,t)

u ( z 0) 1 1
H (w )
u ( z H ) cos k H coswH V *s
*

Amplification factor
1
H (w )
cos 2 wH Vs wH Vs
2
 Transfer Function
Linear elastic layer on rigid base

u(0,t)
u

H
Zero damping

u(H,t)

Amplification is sensitive to
Characteristic site period frequency
Ts = 4H For undamped systems,
Vs
infinite amplification can occur
Extremely high amplification occurs
Fundamental over narrow frequency bands
frequency
 u(0,t)
u
Transfer Function
z

Linear elastic layer on rigid base H

u(H,t)

1% damping

Amplification is still sensitive

to frequency
Very high, but not infinite,
amplification can occur
Degree of amplification decreases
with increasing frequency
 u(0,t)
u
Transfer Function
z

Linear elastic layer on rigid base H

u(H,t)

2% damping
 u(0,t)
u
Transfer Function
z

Linear elastic layer on rigid base H

u(H,t)

5% damping
 u(0,t)
u
Transfer Function
z

Linear elastic layer on rigid base H

u(H,t)

10% damping
 u(0,t)
u
Transfer Function
z

Linear elastic layer on rigid base H

u(H,t)

20% damping

Amplification sensitive to
fundamental frequency
Maximum level of amplification
is low
 u(0,t)
u
Transfer Function
z

Linear elastic layer on rigid base H

u(H,t)

All damping

Amplification

De-amplification
 u(0,t)
u
Transfer Function
z

Linear elastic layer on rigid base H

u(H,t)

10% damping

Stiffer, thinner
Transfer Function example
Transfer Function
How is it used?

Input motion convolved with transfer function multiplication in freq domain

Steps:
1. Express input motion as sum of series of sine waves (Fourier series)
2. Multiply each term in series by corresponding term of transfer function
3. Sum resulting terms to obtain output motion.

Notes:
1. Some terms (frequencies) amplified, some de-amplified
2. Amplification/de-amp. behavior depends on position of transfer function