GSM Handover

Algorithm principles and KPI analysis

9/11/2017 Prepared by Muhieddine Alqousi 1

 ideas to discuss

1. Handover Algorithm principles

2. Huawei Handover Types
3. Handover process flow and decision taking
4. HOSR KPI analysis
5. HOSR Optimization cases

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 Handover process flow

MS will Send the DL

Rxlev of Serving +
MR
Neighbors to BTS.
reporting
BTS will measure UL
Rxlev of Serving Cell
BTS will process both
UL and DL MRs and MR
Send the MR Results processing
to BSC
Based on Handover
Parameters Thresholds
handover and Equations the
decision decision will be
triggered
The Execution phase handover
will start by sending execution
HO Command to MS

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 Handover Algorithms

HOCTRLSWITCH=Handover Algo I HOCTRLSWITCH=Handover Algo II

1. Forced handover is done before

HO penalty and part of advanced
1. Basic , advanced Ranking and HO
ranking, Emergency handover is
Penalty are done before
done before part of advanced
emergency , normal and forced
ranking
HO.
2. Edge HO is Emergency type.
2. Edge HO is Normal type
3. Interference Handover is Intra-cell
3. Interference handover can be
4. Pbgt HO is replaced by better-cell
inter-cell or Intra-cell
HO
4. Missing MRs Interpolation is linear
5. Missing MRs Interpolation
5. Power Reduction per TRX affect HO
considered lowest Rxqual.
area

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 MR Processing

1. Can be performed at BSC Side or BTS Side depending on parameter

BTSMESRPTPREPROC.
2. Interpolation in HO Algo I and HO Algo II has different procedures.

MR Interpolation MR Filtering
If MRs are not issued To accurately reflect the radio
continuously and the number environment of a network,
of lost MRs is smaller than the filtering is performed on the
value of MRMISSCOUNT, the measured values in several
consecutive measurement
system performs Interpolation. reports.

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 MR Interpolation
MRs Sent from Mobile to BTS

No missing MRs no 1 3 6 5
need for interpolation

(6+1)
Linear Interpolation /2

HO Algo I Missi
1 ng 6 5
Interpolation

Worst Interpolation 7

HO Algo II
Missi
Interpolation 1 ng
6 5

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 MR Filtering

1. Filtering is performed on MRs obtained continuously from the MR list.

2. Averaging is performed on uplink/downlink receive level, uplink/downlink
receive quality, Timing Advance (TA), Radio Quality Indication (RQI), BTS
power, neighboring 2G cell level.
3. The averaging minimizes the effect on the result of handover decision due
to sudden changes in the measurement values.
Measurement Object Channel Type Parameter Current value
has value in case ALGO II is
Receive level of the serving cell SDCCH
NSIGSTRFLTLEN activated
Receive level of the serving cell TCH SSLENSD 6
Quality of the serving cell SDCCH QLENSI 2
Quality of the serving cell TCH DATAQUAFLTLEN 4
TA of the serving cell TCH TAFLTLEN 4
has value in case ALGO II is
TA of the serving cell SDCCH
TASIGSTRFLTLEN activated
Receive level of the neighboring cell BCCH NCELLFLTLEN 4
has value in case ALGO II is
Receive level of the neighboring cell SDCCH
NSIGSTRFLTLEN activated
Power of the BTS in the serving cell TCH DATASTRFLTLEN 4
RQI TCH QLENSD 6

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 MR Filtering
Linear Filtering is used in both Algo I and Algo II

Average Filtering

1 3 6 5 6 7 6 5 1 3 6 5 1 3 6 5

4 5 6 6

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 How HO Decision is
Taken in HO Algo I
HO Penalty

Basic Ranking Ranking based on Rxlev

Comprehensive Ranking based on load and priority of the cell

Raking

Forced
Handover

Normal
EMERG HO Load Handover
Handover

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 How HO Decision is
Taken in HO Algo II
Basic Ranking

Forced Handover can be executed without imposing HO

Forced HO
Penalty in ALGO II

HO Penalty

Emergency and Load Handover based on Basic Ranking

EMERG HO
only

Comprehensive Normal
Load Handover
Ranking Handover

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 Handover Penalty
1. Penalty on the target cell when a HO fails.
2. Penalty on the original serving cell when an emergency HO ( base on BQ and
TA ) is performed.
3. Penalty on other high priority layer cells after a fast moving HO is
performed.
4. A new HO attempt is prohibited within the penalty time after an over-
laid/under-laid HO fails.
Handover Parameter Current value
Quick handover TIMEPUNISH 10
Quick handover HOPUNISHVALUE 63
TA Handover SSTAPUNISH 63
TA Handover TIMETAPUNISH 30
BQ Handover SSBQPUNISH 63
BQ Handover TIMEBQPUNISH 10
Load handover (handover Algo II) LOADHOPENTIME used in HO Algo II
Load handover (handover Algo II) LOADHOPENVALUE used in HO Algo II

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Neighbors Ranking
Basic Ranking
Rank the Serving and Neighboring Cells According to Their RxLev.
Exclude Neighbors with Weak RXLev. If the downlink/Uplink receive level of a
neighboring 2G cell is smaller than the sum of HOCDCMINDWPWR/
HOCDCMINUWPWR and MINOFFSET, the neighboring cell should be removed from
the candidate cell list; that is, the handover to this neighboring cell is prohibited.
Exclude Neighbors which are 100% Loaded

Secondary Ranking (Network Adjustment Characteristics)

Re-Rank the neighbors according to the Layer of the cell.
Re-Rank the Neighbors According to the Load on the Target Cell
Re- Rank the Neighbors based on Internal/External Neighbor Classification
In handover algorithm II, the emergency handover decision is made before network
characteristics adjustment and forced handover and after handover penalty (except
load handover penalty) and basic ranking. Load handover penalty is performed before
network characteristics adjustment and after an emergency handover.

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 Basic Ranking Example
Rank the Serving and Neighboring Cells According to Their RxLev.
Exclude Neighbors with Weak RXLev. If the downlink/Uplink receive level of a
neighboring 2G cell is smaller than the sum of HOCDCMINDWPWR/
HOCDCMINUWPWR and MINOFFSET, the neighboring cell should be
removed from the candidate cell list; that is, the handover to this
neighboring cell is prohibited.
Exclude Neighbors which are 100% Loaded.

Object BCCH BSIC Rxlev Rank

Serving 1005 11 -75 0
Neighbor 1 1007 12 -85 Exclusion of
Neighbor 2 1003 45 -89 2 Neighbors loaded
Neighbor 3 1020 56 -95 3 reached 100%
Neighbor 4 1023 17 -98 4
Neighbor 5 1010 32 -107 Exclusion of
Neighbor 6 1009 52 -76 1 Neighbors weaker than
12 HOCDCMINDWPWR +
0 MINOFFSET,

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 Comprehensive Ranking
Example

Rank the neighbors according to the Layer of the cell.

Rank the Neighbors based on Internal/External Neighbor Classification
Rank the neighbors according to their load

Object BCCH BSIC Rxlev Rank

Serving 1005 11 -75 1
Neighbor 2 1003 45 -89 0 Neighbor With
Neighbor 3 1020 56 -95 2 Higher Layer will
Neighbor 4 1023 17 -98 3 jump above the list
Neighbor 6 1009 52 -76 4

External Neighbor will go down in

the list if Co-BSC parameter is ON

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 16bit Criterion

Object BCCH BSIC Rxlev Rank 16bit Criterion

Serving 1005 11 -75 1 0000001100000000
Neighbor 2 1003 45 -89 0 0000001000000010
Neighbor 3 1020 56 -95 2 0000001100000011
Neighbor 4 1023 17 -98 3 0000001100000100
Neighbor 6 1009 52 -76 4 0000101100000001

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 16bit Criterion

After the M rule , the serving cell and candidate neighbor cells are ranked in
descending order according to the receiving level only
Both the serving cell and the neighbor cells have their own 16bits value. The
smaller the value is, the higher the priority and position the cell is in the cell
list.
The 1st-3rd bits: bit value is decided according to the cell signal level and
the penalty process taking place beforehand.
The values come from max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell according to
the level ranges from 000~110. The value for the cell with the strongest
signal level is 000.
Basic Ranking Bits

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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 The 4th bit: determined by HO
hysteresis
The 4th bit: bit value is determined by inter-cell HO ( of the same layer )
hysteresis.
The 4th bit of the serving cell is always 0,
The receiving signal level of the neighbor cell >= The receiving level of the
serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 0.
The receiving level of the neighbor cell < The receiving level of the serving
cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 1.
Note: In PBGT HO, whichever the greater of the inter-cell ( of the same layer
) hysteresis and PBGT threshold, that value will be used in the PBGT HO.

PBGT Threshold

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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 The 5th10th bit: determined by
Layer
The 5th-10th bits: bit value is decided according to their position in Huawei
hierarchical network structure.
When the signal level of the neighbor cells or the serving cell is lower than
the layer HO threshold and hysteresis, this function is turned off and all bits
are set to 0.
That is to say only when the above criterions are met, then this function take
effect.
Huawei cell layers can be divided into 4 layers and each layer can be further
divided into 16 different priorities. So there are 64 different priorities in
Huawei hierarchical cell structure.
Layer Cell Priority

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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 The 11th bit: determined by Load
threshold
The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion.
Serving cell: if Cell Load>= Start threshold of load HO, bit 11th is set to 1,
otherwise is set to 0.
Neighbor cell: if Cell Load>=Receive threshold of load HO, bit 11th is set to 1,
otherwise is set to 0.
Refer to Load HO Table for the load HO threshold and load req. on
candidate cell.
Clue : When the cell load is higher than the threshold, then the bit 11th is
set to 1.This is done in order to put the cell in a lower part of the cell list.

Load Bit

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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 The 12th-13th bit: determined by Co-
BSC/Co-MSC
12th bit: bit value is decided by co-BSC criterion.
Serving cell: is always set to 0.
Neighbor cell: if co-BSC with the serving cell, 12th bit is set to 0, otherwise is
set to 1.
When the signal level from the neighbor cell or the serving cell is lower than
layer HO threshold and hysteresis. This function is turned off and the value
is set to 0.
If the parameter Co-BSC/MSC Adj. in the HO control table is set to No,
then this function is turned off and the value is 0.
13th bit : Bit value is decided by Co-MSC parameter, having the same
concept as the 12th bit.
Co-MSC Co-BSC

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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 The 14th bit: determined by Layer HO

The 14th bit: Layer HO threshold adjustment bit

Serving cell criterion
Receive level >= layer HO threshold layer HO hysteresis, bit 14th is set to 0.
If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to 1.

Layer HO Threshold

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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 The 15th bit: determined by Extended
Cell Type

If the cell type is extended cell => this bit will be set to 1 to lower the ranking
of the extended cells in the neighbor list

Extended Cell Type

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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 P/N Rule

The purpose of the P/N rule to give a changeable parameters trade off between the
trigger speed and accuracy of certain handover type:
P is the number of measurements which satisfy the handover trigger condition
N is the number of measurement under satisfaction test

Average Filtering

1 3 6 5 6 7 6 5 1 3 6 5 1 3 6 5

N=4 4 5 6 6
Trigger Condition: RxQual>=6

P=2 6 6

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 P/N Rule

smaller P and N values means faster decision but less accurate

Recommended
MO Parameter ID Parameter Name Feature Name
Value
HUAWEI I Handover
G2GNCELL LEVSTAT Layer HO Watch Time 6
HUAWEI II Handover
HUAWEI I Handover
G2GNCELL LEVLAST Layer HO Valid Time 4
HUAWEI II Handover
G2GNCELL PBGTSTAT PBGT Watch Time HUAWEI I Handover 6
G2GNCELL PBGTLAST PBGT Valid Time HUAWEI I Handover 4
G2GNCELL HOSTATICTIME Quick Handover Static Time Fast Move Handover 4
G2GNCELL HOLASTTIME Quick Handover Last Time Fast Move Handover 3
G2GNCELL BQSTATTIME BQ HO Watch Time HUAWEI II Handover 1
G2GNCELL BQLASTTIME BQ HO Valid Time HUAWEI II Handover 1

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 HO Types
Emergency HO Normal Handover Special HO Types

Bad Quality HO Fast moving HO

Edge HO
TA HO Over-laid/under-
Layer HO
Interference HO laid HO
PBGT HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO Forced HO

MO Parameter ID Parameter Name Current Setting

GCELLHOBASIC HOCTRLSWITCH Current HO Control Algorithm HOALGORITHM1
GCELLHOBASIC COBSCMSCADJEN Co-BSC/MSC Adj NO
GCELLHOBASIC SIGCHANHOEN SDCCH HO Allowed NO
GCELLHOBASIC INTRACELLHOEN Intracell HO Allowed NO
GCELLHOBASIC LOADHOEN Load Handover Support NO
GCELLHOBASIC QCKMVHOEN MS Fast Moving HO Allowed NO
GCELLHOBASIC RXQCKFALLHOEN Rx_Level_Drop HO Allowed NO
GCELLHOBASIC PBGTHOEN PBGT HO Allowed YES
GCELLHOBASIC LEVHOEN Level HO Allowed YES
GCELLHOBASIC FRINGEHOEN Edge HO Allowed YES
GCELLHOBASIC BQHOEN BQ HO Allowed YES
GCELLHOBASIC TAHOEN TA HO Allowed YES
GCELLHOBASIC CONHOEN Concentric Circles HO Allowed NO
GCELLHOBASIC INTERFHOEN Interference HO Allowed YES
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 Emergency
Handover Types

The purpose of the emergency handover types is to rescue the call from
drop or aggressive bad quality situations.

If the trigger conditions for an emergency handover are met and there is at
least one candidate cell, the emergency handover timer
NEWURGHOMININTV is started. Another emergency handover decision
can be performed only when NEWURGHOMININTV times out.
4 Seconds
After the Emer. HO is successful, the penalty is performed on the original
cell. During penalty time, an offset is subtracted from the level of the
original cell to prevent an immediate handover back to the original cell.

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 BQ Handover

If BQHOEN is set to Yes, the trigger conditions for a BQ handover are as follows:
YES
The uplink receive quality is greater than or equal to the uplink receive
quality threshold of the serving cell.
The downlink receive quality is greater than or equal to the downlink
receive quality threshold of the serving cell.
target cell must meet the following conditions:

receive level of the target cell > receive level of the serving cell +
68(INTERCELLHYST of the serving cell configured for the neighboring cell - 64) -
69(BQMARGIN - 64)

Threshold Codec Dir Value

DLQUALIMITAMRFR FR DL 60
ULQUALIMITAMRFR FR UL 60
DLQUALIMITAMRHR HR DL 55
ULQUALIMITAMRHR HR UL 55

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 Interference Handover
YES
If INTERFHOEN is set to Yes, the trigger conditions for an interference handover are
as follows:

The filtered value of UL/DL receive quality is greater than or equal to the
specified receive quality threshold at the current UL/DL receive level.

Parameter Name RxLev Min RxLev Max Quality for Non AMR Quality for AMR
RXQUAL1 -110 -80 60 65
RXQUAL2 -79 -79 50 55
RXQUAL3 -78 -75 49 54
RXQUAL4 -74 -72 48 53
RXQUAL5 -71 -69 47 52
RXQUAL6 -68 -65 46 51
RXQUAL7 -64 -62 45 50
RXQUAL8 -61 -58 44 49
RXQUAL9 -57 -55 43 48
RXQUAL10 -54 -52 42 47
RXQUAL11 -51 -48 41 46
RXQUAL12 -10 -47 40 45
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 Directed Retry
Procedure
Check if Directed
Retry is Enabled
(DIRECTRYEN=ON)

Check if Assignment In case of 100% Cell

NO based on Load is Load , Assignment
Enabled failure due to
(ASSLOADJUDGEEN Congestion
=ON)
In case of 100% Cell
Load , Normal DR YES
Procedure will be
Check if the cell
triggered
Load Exceeded the
threshold
CDRTTRYFBDTHRES
YES
Normal DR
procedure will be
triggered
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 DR Target Cell
Selection

The target cell must have the highest priority in the candidate cell list after
handover preprocessing. In addition, the target cell must meet the
following conditions:

The serving cell does not function as a target cell.

85
Load of the candidate neighboring cells DTLOADTHRED
In handover algorithm II, Downlink receive level of the neighboring cell
after filtering - Downlink receive level of the serving cell after power
68
control compensation) > ("INTERCELLHYST" - 64) - (DRHOLEVRANGE - 64).
In handover algorithm I, receive level of neighboring cells 72
MINPWRLEVDIRTRY.
16

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 Quick HO

The purpose of this HO is to enhance HOSR and DCR in fast moving MSs in
highways.
Two methods the BSC use to know if mobile is moving fast :frequency Offset and
quick PBGT.
The decision of quick HO is taken faster than other types because:
1. Lifting the restriction on the interval between handover decisions
2. Reducing the number of MRs for the handover decision
3. Introducing the alpha filtering
If QUICKHOEN is set to Yes, the trigger conditions for a quick handover are as
follows: NO
1. The MS is moving away from the serving cell (the frequency offset in the
measurement result is a negative value) and the moving speed of the MS
is greater than MOVESPEEDTHRES. 35
2. The filtered uplink level of the serving cell is smaller than HOUPTRIGE.50
3. The compensated downlink level of the serving cell is smaller than
HODOWNTRIGE.50
4. The path loss of configured chain neighboring cells is smaller than the
specified threshold of the path loss of the serving cell.

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 Load HO
Cell Load HO Criterions :
System load of BSC < Permissible load of HO threshold
Load of serving cell > Load HO threshold
Requirements for the target cell
Load of target cell < Load HO threshold

A handover band is defined in load handover, in the range of edge

handover threshold ~ edge handover threshold + load handover
bandwidth.

The handover band itself is divided into multiple equalized handover step
sizes, MS (falling within edge handover threshold + N*handover step sizes)
are handover to adjacent cells one by one from low to high.

Once load of the serving cell decreases (as lower than the load handover
start threshold) or load of the adjacent cell increases to a certain extent (as
higher than the load handover received threshold), the handover stops.

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 Load HO Parameters

Parameter ID Parameter Name Recommended Value

SYSFLOWLEV System Flux Threshold for Load HO 10
TRIGTHRES Load HO Threshold 90
LoadAccThres Load handover Load Accept Threshold 80
LOADOFFSET Load HO Bandwidth 25
LOADHOPERIOD Load HO Step Period 10
LOADHOSTEP Load HO Step Level 5
LOADHOAD Enhanced Load HO Allowed NO
LAYHOLOADTH Inter-Layer HO Load Threshold 0
LOADHOUSRRATIO HO Ratio of Enhanced Load HO Algorithm 3
LoadHoEn Load Handover Support NO
LOADHOPENTIME Penalty Time on Load HO 10
LOADHOPENVALUE Penalty Value on Load HO 63

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 Difference between DR HO and Load HO
Call will be
directed to
another far Cell

Mobile tried to Mobile tried to Another MS on the

access very near access very near cell border will
Cell but failed due Cell but failed due perform handover
to congestion to congestion due to load

DR HO Load HO

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 EDGE HO

Edge HO Criterion:
In N seconds, when there are P seconds that
neighbor cells DL or MSs UL signal level is lower
than the Edge HO threshold. Then the criterion is
met and Edge HO occurs. This method utilizes the
P/N rule.
Requirements for the target cell:
The target cell should be ranked in front of the
serving cell.

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 LAYER HO

Layer HO criterions:
Serving cell :
No requirement.
Target cell :
Layer of the target cell is lower than the serving cell.

Receive level of the target cell > layer cell threshold +

layer cell hysteresis.
Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
The priority of target cell should be higher than the
serving cells.

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 Multi-Layer Configuration (HCS feature)

1800

900

Inter-Layer
HO EDGE HO

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 Multi-Layer Configuration (HCS feature)

1800

Inter-Layer
HO

EDGE HO

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 Multi-Layer Configuration (HCS feature)

1800

PBGT HO

PBGT HO

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 Inter-Layer Handover

Handover initiated because of difference in Layer even if

neighbor Rxlev is weaker.
Triggering conditions:
This type of handover is enabled , LEVHOEN=YES
One of the neighbors cells has higher priority than
serving cells (higher priority ->parameter LAYER has
lower value).
Target Cell Rxlev>=HOTHRES+ INTELEVHOHYST-64
P/N criteria for Inter-Layer HO is satisfied.
P parameter: LEVLAST=6
N parameter: LEVSTAT=4
Load on 900 cells exceed the threshold :
LAYHOLOADTH

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 Inter-Layer Handover

900
1800

1800 Cell Setting 900 Cell Setting

LAYER=2 LAYER=3
HOTHRES=25 LAYHOLOADTH=0
LEVHOEN=YES LEVHOEN=YES

Per Neighbor
INTELEVHOHYST=67
LEVLAST=6
LEVSTAT=4

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 DL/UL Edge Handover

Edge Handover initiated because of bad coverage in either

UL or DL
Triggering conditions:

This type of handover is activated FRINGEHOEN=YES.

DL /UL Rxlev of 1800 cell is less than
DLEDGETHRES/ULEDGETHRES.
DL Rxlev of 900 cell is greater than (serving Dl Rxlev
+INTERCELLHYST -64).
P/N criteria of Edge Handover is satisfied:
P parameter: EDGELAST1
N parameter: EDGESTAT1

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 DL/UL Edge Handover

900
1800
1800 Cell Setting
900 Cell Setting
FRINGEHOEN=YES
DLEDGETHRES=20
ULEDGETHRES=15
EDGELAST1=4
EDGESTAT1=6 Per neighbor
INTERCELLHYST =67
EDGEADJLASTTIME=4
EDGEADJSTATTIME=6

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 PBGT HO

PBGT HO Criterions :
Target cells path loss is smaller than the serving cells
path loss by the PBGT threshold value.
Satisfying the P/N rule.
Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
Note :
PBGT HO can only occur between same-priority cell.
If the system permits PBGT HO for the cell, PBGT HO
can occur in either inter-BSC or inter-MSC.

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