Characteristics of WANs

Covers large geographical areas

Circuits provided by a common carrier
Consists of interconnected switching nodes
Traditional WANs provide modest capacity
64000 bps common
Business subscribers using T1 service 1.544 Mbps
common
Higher-speed WANs use optical fiber and transmission
technique known as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
10s and 100s of Mbps common

09/15/17
 Wide Area Networks

Alternative technologies
Circuit switching
Packet switching
Frame relay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

09/15/17
 Characteristics of LANs

Like WAN, LAN interconnects a variety of devices

and provides a means for information exchange
among them
Traditional LANs
Provide data rates of 1 to 20 Mbps
High-speed LANS
Provide data rates of 100 Mbps to 10 Gbps

09/15/17
Differences between LANs and WANs

Scope of a LAN is smaller

LAN interconnects devices within a single
building or cluster of buildings
LAN usually owned by organization that owns the
attached devices
For WANs, most of network assets are not owned
by same organization
Internal data rate of LAN is much greater

09/15/17
 Example Networks

The Internet

Connection-Oriented Networks: ATM

Ethernet

Wireless LANs: 802:11

09/15/17
 Architecture of the Internet

Overview of the Internet

09/15/17
 ATM Virtual Circuits

ATM cell
09/15/17
 The ATM Reference Model

09/15/17
 Ethernet

Architecture of the original Ethernet

09/15/17
 Wireless LANs

(a) Wireless networking with a base station.

(b) Ad hoc networking.
 The Local Loop: Modems, ADSL, and Wireless

Modems

(a) A binary signal (c) Frequency modulation

(b) Amplitude modulation (d) Phase modulation
Digital Subscriber Lines

Bandwidth versus distanced over category 3 UTP for DSL.

Digital Subscriber Lines

Operation of ADSL using discrete multitone modulation

A typical ADSL equipment configuration.

Wireless Local Loops
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing

The T1 carrier (1.544 Mbps)

Time Division Multiplexing

Multiplexing T1 streams into higher carriers

 Techniques Used in Switched Networks

Circuit switching
Dedicated communications path between two
stations
E.g., public telephone network
Packet switching
Message is broken into a series of packets
Each node determines next leg of transmission for
each packet

09/15/17
Circuit Switching

(a) Circuit switching.

(b) Packet switching.
 Packet Switching

Data sent out of sequence

Small size (packets) of data at a time
Packets passed from node to node between source
and destination
Used for terminal to computer and computer to
computer communications

09/15/17
 Message Switching

(a) Circuit switching (b) Message switching (c) Packet switching

 Packet Switching

A comparison of circuit switched and packet-switched networks.

 Effect of Packet Size on
Transmission

Effect of Packet Size on Transmission time

09/15/17
 Propagation and Transmission Delay

Propagation Delay = Distance/Propagation speed

Transmission Delay = Message size/bandwidth bps

Latency = Propagation delay + Transmission delay +

Queueing time + Processing time
 Performance comparison

Circuit switching Packet switching

09/15/17
 Variable vs. Fixed-Length Packets

No Optimal Length
if small: high header-to-data overhead
if large: low utilization for small messages
Fixed-Length Easier to Switch in Hardware
simpler
enables parallelism

09/15/17
 Network Criteria

Performance
Depends on Network Elements
Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
Reliability
Failure rate of network components
Measured in terms of availability/robustness
Security
Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
Errors
Malicious users

09/15/17
 Question 1

Consider sending a file of size 0.1Mbits over a path of 3 links (i.e. 2

intermediate routers between the source and the destination). Each
link transmits at 100Mbps. The network is lightly loaded so that there
are no queuing delays. When a form of packet switching is used, the
file is broken up into packets (each packet has 10kbits) and all the
devices in the network are store-and-forward. Assume propagation
delay and processing time are negligible.

Suppose the network is a packet-switched virtual circuit network. The

sending layers add a total of 1kbits of header to each packet. How
long does it take to send the file from source to destination?
Suppose the network is a packet-switched datagram network. Now
suppose each packet has 2kbits of header. How long does it take to
send the file?
Finally, suppose the network is a circuit-switched network like the
telephone network. Further suppose that the transmission rate of the
circuit between the source and destination is 100Mbps. Assuming
0.01msec is set-up time and 1000 bits of header appended to the
entire file, how long does it take to send the file?
 Question 2

A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average

of 12,000 frames per minute with each frame carrying an
average of 10,000 bits. What is the throughput of this network?

09/15/17