WELCOME!

BIO 220 Essential Microbiology/BIO

221 Microbiology

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Instructor Information

Miss. Jasmine Alexander-Floyd

jja59@drexel.edu
Office: PISB 301
Telephone: (215) 571-4201
Office Hours: Mondays 12-1:30PM and by
appointment in PISB 121

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 Textbook:

Prescotts Microbiology 9th edition by

Willey, Sherwood and Woolverton.
McGraw-Hill publishers

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Copyright McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Assessment:
Homework Sets (5) 15%

Lecture Quizzes (7) 15%

Midterm Exam 1 20%
Midterm Exam 2 20%
Final Exam (Cumulative) 25%
Attendance/Participation 5%

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Homework Sets:

Made available on Sundays at Midnight

(12am) and you will have until the following
Sunday at Midnight (12am) to turn in the
assignment
More than likely on Learn
Homework Sets will be based off lecture
material

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 Lecture Quizzes and Attendance:

Online quiz will open Fridays after lecture and

close at 11:59PM each subsequent Sunday
The quiz is to encourage you to read and review
the lecture notes and textbook material on a
regular basis
There are NO make up quizzes for lecture material
Attendance is expected in all lectures
However, if you miss class, you are responsible
for learning any class material that you may
miss through an absence 6
Tentative Schedule: (Subject to
Change!)
Date Topics Chapter Due
Week #1 Introduction to course and course policies Quiz #1 (due 7/2/17 at
6/26//2017 Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology Chapter 1 11:59PM)
Microscopy Chapter 2

Week #2 Microscopy Chapter 2 Quiz #2 (due 7/9/17 at

7/3/2017 Bacterial Cell Structure Chapter 3 11:59PM)
Homework # 1 (due
7/9/17 at midnight)

Week #3 Bacterial Cell Structure Chapter 3

7/10/2017 Archaeal Cell Structure Chapter 4

Week 4 Midterm Exam #1 (20%) Monday July 17

Week #4 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Chapter 5 Quiz #3 (due 7/23/17
7/17/2017 Microbial Growth Chapter 7 at 11:59PM)
Homework #2 (due
7/23/17 at midnight)

Week #5 Microbial Growth Chapter 7 Quiz #4 (due 7/30/17

7/24/2017 Control of Microorganisms in the Environment Chapter 8 at 11:59PM)

Week #6 Review Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 10 Quiz #5 (due 8/6/17 at

7/31/2017 Catabolism: Energy Release and Conservation Chapter 11 11:59PM)
Homework #3 (due
8/6/17 at midnight)

Week #7 Anabolism: Biosynthesis Chapter 12

8/7/2017

Week 8 Midterm Exam #2 (20%) Monday August 14

Week #8 Bacterial Genome Replication and Expression Chapter 13 Quiz #6 (due 8/20/17
8/14/2017 Microbial Genomics at 11:59PM)
Chapter 18 Homework #4 (due
8/20/17 at midnight)

Week #9 Microbial Genomics Chapter 18 Quiz #7 (due 8/27/17

8/21/2017 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Chapter 9 at 11:59PM)

Week #10 Viruses & Acellular Infectious Agents Chapter 6 Homework #5 (due
8/28/2017 Time Permitting: Pathogenicity & Infection Chapter 35 9/3/17 at midnight)

Week #11
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FINAL Exam (25%)
9/6/2017 -
9/9/2017 (TBA) September 6-9
1
The Evolution of
Microorganisms
and Microbiology
Part 1

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Copyright McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Importance of Microorganisms

Most populous and diverse group of

organisms
Found everywhere on the planet
Play a major role in recycling essential
elements
Source of nutrients and some carry out
photosynthesis
Benefit society by their production of food,
beverages, antibiotics, and vitamins
Some cause disease in plants and animals
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Members of the Microbial World

Organisms and acellular entities too small to

be clearly seen by the unaided eye
most < 1 mm, some macroscopic
These organisms are relatively simple in their
construction and lack highly differentiated
cells and distinct tissues

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Figure 1.1

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Type of Microbial Cells

Prokaryotic cells lack a true membrane-

delimited nucleus
this is mostly true but is not absolute!

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-enclosed

nucleus, are more complex morphologically,
and are usually larger than prokaryotic cells

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 Classification Schemes

Three domain system,

based on a comparison of
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
genes, divides
microorganisms into
Bacteria (true bacteria),
Archaea
Eukarya (eukaryotes)

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Domain Bacteria

Usually single-celled
Majority have cell wall with peptidoglycan (Gram
+ vs. Gram -)

Most lack a membrane-bound nucleus

Exception = phylum plantomycetes
Ubiquitous and some live in extreme
environments
Cyanobacteria produce significant amounts of
oxygen
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Domain Archaea

Distinguished from Bacteria by unique rRNA

gene sequences
Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
Have unique membrane lipids
Some have unusual metabolic characteristics
(methanogens)

Many live in extreme environments

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Domain Eukarya - Eukaryotic

Protists generally larger than Bacteria and

Archaea
algae photosynthetic
protozoa may be motile, hunters, grazers
slime molds two life cycle stages
water molds devastating disease in plants
Fungi
yeast - unicellular
mold - multicellular 16
Acellular Infectious Agents

Viruses (non-living = acellular)

smallest of all microbes
requires host cell to replicate
cause range of diseases, some cancers
Viroids and virusoids
infectious agents composed of RNA
Prions infectious proteins

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 Microbial Evolution

Important attributes of life

cells and organization

energy use and metabolism

response to environmental
changes

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 Microbial Evolution

Important attributes of life

regulation and homeostasis

growth and development

reproduction

biological evolution

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This is RNAs
World

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This is RNAs World

Original molecule must have

fulfilled protein and
hereditary function
Ribozymes
RNA molecules that form
peptide bonds
perform cellular work and
replication
Earliest cells may have
been RNA surrounded by
liposomes 21
This is RNAs World

Cellular pool of RNA in modern day cells

exists in and is associated with the ribosome
(rRNA, tRNA, mRNA)

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This is RNAs World

Cellular pool of RNA in modern day cells

exists in and is associated with the ribosome
(rRNA, tRNA, mRNA)
RNA catalytic in protein synthesis
RNA may be precursor to double stranded
DNA
Adenosine 5 triphosphate (ATP) is the
energy currency and is a ribonucleotide
RNA can regulate gene expression

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 Evolution of 3
Domains of Life
Universal phylogenetic tree
based on comparisons of
small subunit rRNA (SSU
rRNA)
aligned rRNA sequences
from diverse organisms are
compared and differences
counted to derive a value of
evolutionary distance
relatedness, but not time of
divergence, is determined
this way 24
Last Universal Common
Ancestor (LUCA)

The root or origin of modern life is on

bacterial branch but nature still controversial

Archaea and Eukarya evolved independently

of Bacteria
Archaea and Eukarya diverged from common
ancestry

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Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

Origin of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and

hydrogenosomes from endosymbiont
(ATP producing structures)
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
SSU rRNA genes show bacterial lineage
genome sequences closely related to
Rickettsia and Prochloron, respectively
Hydrogenosomes
anaerobic respiring (fermentation)
endosymbiont
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Evolution of Cellular Microbes

Mutation of genetic material led to selected

traits
New genes and genotypes evolved
Bacteria and Archaea
dont reproduce sexually
increase genetic pool by horizontal gene
transfer within the same generation

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Microbial Species

Eukaryotic microbes fit definition of

reproducing isolated populations

Bacteria and Archaea do not reproduce

sexually and are referred to as strains
a strain consists of descendants of a single,
pure microbial culture
binomial nomenclature
Genus and species epithet (often written G.
species)
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