and

SOCIAL PROCESSES
According to sociologists Group Interaction is the process
of defining and responding to various actions and
relations of individuals in social situations.

Strauss (1968)
Defines social interaction as the way persons or
groups act or communicate with one another. It takes a
place in social, political and economic institutions and
social structures which give impetus to social relationship
(Zulueta, 2002)
1. Structural Interaction
2. Cultural Interaction
3. Religious Interaction
4. Geographical Interaction
 Some sociologists define society as a structure
consisting of a network of interrelating institutions. The
communication network, though they vary in relating
themselves, remains based on the structure established.
The nature of interaction is based on the
established structure of the organization.
Interaction is more formal based on the role
function of each member.
 Sociologists usually emphasize the cultural aspect of
social relation ship.
Human being have devised a channel of interacting
with their physical environment either through linguistic
or symbolic patterns.
They share common beliefs, ideas and similar patters
of behavior and employ some strategies accepted by their
own culture in solving the problems confronting them.
 In Philippine society the social influence of religious
groups plays an important role.
People are more receptive to innovations and
changes if channeled through religious organizations
where they belong because of the influence they weild
on their members.
Geographical Interaction
Geographical interactions is based on
geographical domains (coastal, terrain domain,
low lands and uplands) and its varying effects on
social interactions.
The Concept of Social
Processes
 It refers to any mutual interaction experienced by an
individual or a group on each other in their attempt to
solve problems and to achieve their desired goals.
This process may be in varied forms depending on the
degree of its complexity.
It consist of repetitive forms of behavior which are
commonly found in social life.
it also refers to consistent pattern of social of social
interaction which can be identified in the society.
1. Conjuctive social processes
2. Disconjuntive social processes
 It refers to a groups effort to maintain and practice
consensus, cooperation, unification and integration in the
group.

There are five major conjuctive social processes;

1. Cooperation
2. Accommodation
3. Assimilation
4. Amalgamatio
5. Acculturation
 Cooperation is sharing the responsibility or the act of
working together in order to achieve a common goal or
vision .
It is a social process where people work together to
achieve a groups common objectives and share some
benefit derive from it.
Basic cooperation is experienced in the family and
other social groups where members share their talents,
time , resources and expertise along their field of
specialization
1. Informal cooperation
2. Formal cooperation
3. Symbiotic cooperation
 This is spontaneous give and take relationship.It
is commonly shown in primary groups or in a
Gemeinschaft societies.
 This type sets formal goal and objectives in
social interaction. It is contractual in nature with
reciprocal right and obligations members
 This types of cooperation where one or two
members of society live together harmoniuosly and
support one another mutual interest.
There is no prescribed set of norms tobe followed.
Consciously an unconsciously, the members are not
aware that in the process, they are forming a
cooperation.
1. It creates social eohesion and integration
among the members of the group.
2. It contributes to social stability and order.
3. It fosters consensus and compromise in
various social, economic and political issues.
 Some socilogists difine accommodation as the
adjustment of hostile individuals or group. It is conflict,
past, present and incipient.
Other authority described accommodation as either
permanent or temporary termination of conflict which
permits the rival parties to function together without
oprn hostility.
Salcedo and his group identified further different
forms of accomodation; planned and unplanned.
The unplanned forms of accommodation are;

1. Displacement
2. Superordination-subordination
3. Compromise
4. Release from hostility
5. Toleration
 According to Hilgard (1982) displacement
occurs whenthe source of frustrationis vague and
intangible or when the person responsible for the
frustration is so powerful that attack would be
dangerous, aggression, may be displaced aggressive
reaction may be directed to an innocent person or object
rather than toward the actual causes of frustration.
 Displacement is a process of ending a conflict by using a
scapegoat wherei the failure of one person or group will be
passed on to another person or group for poor performance
or non compliance to certain norms and standards.
A conflict occurs between persons or groups. One is
weak and other is powerful.
The conflict ends by the acceptance of defeat by weaker
group by the powerful group.
 It works only when it is impossible for one group to
continue the aggression against the powerful group. There
is a realization of the weaker group that there efforts of
struggle to prevail futile. So they accept their defeat or
subordination
 This is another form of accommodation where extreme
where extreme demands are given up to achieve limited
goals. This could be described as either a loss-loss or win-
win.
 Most individuals who are in trouble experience
problems but will find way to release their worries through
relaxation by watching movies, watching a basketball
game of their favorite team etc.
 This occurs when both parties realize that a settlement
of conflict is impossible. If an agreement is not necessary
to solve the problem, then the group will just let so or
accept each others right to different actions to the
problems resolution.
 Assimilation refers to the process of interpenitation an
fusion in which persons and group acquired the memories
sentiments and attitudes of other persons and group and
sharing their experience and history, which are
incorporated with them in cultural life.
It is also a process reduces social social conflict. The
person assimilated in the group tend to combine or
integrate their own culture with the groups culture.
 Amalgamation is a biological interbreeding of
two people of distinct physical appearance until
they become one stock.
 Acculturation is a process and effect of significant
change through mutual borrowings and adoptations by
people of different cultures in contact with some
continuity. On the other hand it is also a process of
acquiring the culture of another ethnic group.
 It occurs when two goals of equal importance are
scare. This is a need to prioritize social needs.
Simmel classified conflict into four;
1. War
2. Feud
3. Litigation or legal battle
4. Conflict of impersonal ideas
 A destructive and violent way to settled conflicts and
disputes, this is resorted to by man when they have
tensions and economic, demographic and technological
differences.
 This conflict is rampant among clans, fraternities and
politics; it triggered by feelings of bitterness between
parties or groups because of some injustice done to their
members.
 This occurs when conflict between individuals or
groups can no longer be resolved amicably so its taken to
the courts where judge presides on the merits of the case.
 This is carried on by individuals or group for principle
or an ideal not for personal benefit but for the group or
societys wellbeing.
 It occurs when the conflicting parties agree to settle
for less than their demand objectives. It is because both
parties have to surrender their principles to reach an
agreement.
 As a social process, competition may have a merit and
a demerit in human endeavor.
It is a form of opposition or struggle to secure reward
or a material object, position, leadership, prestige or
power.
In competition two or more parties vie for superiority
in any predefined endeavor.
1. Personal Competition
2. Impersonal Competition
 This involves direct and face-to-face contact.
Individuals or groups may employ varied strategies to
excel in their fields of specialization to be superior to
others.
Innovations and creative works may be employed by
individuals or group just to outdo their opponents in
securing promotions in positions.
 This refers to individual or groups or business entities
struggling not directly aware of each others presence.
Supermarkets operators in the same area are competing
with one another in seeking young and dynamic
personnel to man their organization.