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19.2 The calculation of (T)
To obtain these curves, we must determine
(T) . The calculation is considerably more
complicated than it was for T = 0. We have
For T >> TF , /kT takes on a large negative value and exp(-/kT) >>1.
A more realistic picture of the potential well is given in the following Figure,
which shows how the potential varies in the vicinity of the positive ions in the
crystal lattice. The periodicity leads to a band structure in the density of
quantum states, which is the foundation of semiconductor physics.
19.2) consider a kilomole of 3He gas
atoms under STP conditions
6.626 10
2
34 2
6.023 10
26 3
23
2 4.98 10 1.38 10 1.504 22.4
27
0.069 K 0.07 K
Fermi Temperature TF 0.07 K
(b) Calculate and exp
kT kT
?
kT
we knowthat
2mkT 3 2 V
ln 2
2
kT h N
3
2
27
23
ln 2
2 4 .98 10 1 . 38 10 273 22 . 4
6.626 10
34 2
6.023 10
26
12.7
kT
exp ?
kT
12.7
kT
e kT
3.28 105
(c) Find the average occupancy f of a single
particle state that has energy of 3 kT
2
Energy : 3 kT
2
Chemical Potential : 12.7 kT
Average Occupancy : f ?
We knowthat
f
1
KT
e 1
1
3 12.7 kT
2
e kT
1
1
1.469 10 6
f 6.8 10 7
Average Occupancy f 6.8 10 7
19.3) For a system of noninteracting electrons,
show that the probability of finding an
electron in a state with energy above the
chemical potential is the same as the
probability of finding an electron absent from
the with energy below at any given
temperature T
19.4 Properties of a Fermion gas
The internal energy of a gas of N
fermions
Integration by parts (I)
In calculus, integration by parts is a rule that
transforms the integral of products of functions into
other, hopefully simpler, integrals. The rule arises
from the product rule of differentiation.
u dv uv vdu
Integration by parts (II)
In the traditional calculus curriculum, this rule is often stated
using indefinite integrals in the form
ln x ln x
x 2 dx x (1 / x)(1 / x)dx
At T = 0, U = (3/5)NF , this energy is large because all
the electrons must occupy the lowest energy states
up to the Fermi level.
Thus
P = 2/5 *5.9*1028 *(1.38*10-23) (6.5*104)
= 2.1*1010 Pa = 2.1*105 atm.
Since
can be expressed as
Where
For gravitational energy of a solid
With
In summary
2.69 103 Kg
N
m 3 6.02 10 26 atoms
5.99 10 28
V 27 Kg kilo mole
kilomole
N
# Density for electrons 3
V
1.8 10 29
6.63 10
2
34 2
3 1.8 10 29
3
F
31
5.6 2.1 11.8eV
2 9.1110 8
19.7b) Show that the aluminum at T=100 K,
differs from F by less than 0.01%. (The
density of aluminum is 2.69 x 103 kg m-3 and
its atomic weight is 27.)
2 T
2
0 1
12 TF
2
2 1000 K
0 1
12 11.8eV
8.62 10 5 eVK 1
0 1 4.38 10 5
less than 0.01%
19.7c) Calculate the electronic contribution to
the specific heat capacity of aluminum at
room temperature and compare it to 3R.
T 2 kT
Ce Nk Nk
2 TF 2 F
19.13. Consider the collapse of the sun into a
white dwarf. For the sun, M= 2 x 1030 kg, R =
7 x 108 m, V= 1.4 x 1027 m3.
(a) Calculate the Fermi energy of the Suns
electrons. 2 10 30
No. of electrons 27
1.205 10 57
1.66 10
1
# of electrons of nucleous
2
N 1.205 2 10 57
V 1.4 10 27
2
h2 3N 3
F
2me 8V
2
1.205 7.23 10 27 3
F 0.33me v
27
1 . 26 1 .4 10
F 0.33me v 6.248 10 5
F 20.6eV
(b) What is the Fermi temperature?
F 20.6eV
TF 2.39 10 k
5
k 8.62 10 eVk
5 1