Statistical Tools in Research (June 23,2014)

STATISTICAL TOOLS IN
RESEARCH
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
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COLLECTION
ORGANIZATION
PRESENTATION
ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION
Types of Statistics:
Descriptive
Statistics
Inferential
Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Descriptive
statistics provide statistics describe
simple summaries the main features
about the sample of a collection of
and the measures data quantitatively
Inferential Statistics
Process of drawing
information from
sampled observations
of a population and
making conclusions
about the population.
Steps in Testing Hypothesis:
1. Formulate the H0 and Ha.
2. Set the level of significance, or value.
3. Determine the test to be used.

4. Solve the Computed Value (CV)
5. Locate the Tabulated value (TV)
6. Decide whether to accept or to reject the H0.
If CV >TV, reject the If CV <TV, accept the

Null Hypothesis Null Hypothesis
7. Make conclusion.
Basic Statistical Tools:
FREQUENCY COUNTS
Gender Frequency %
(f)
Male 56 46.67
Female 64 53.33
Total 120 100
PERCENTAGES
% = f/N X 100
where :
f = frequency
N = population
100 = constant value
PROPORTIONS AND PERCENTAGES
The number of individuals in whom the disease,
abnormality, or other characteristics occurrence is
observed( the numerator)
The number of individuals in the population
among whom the characteristic occurrence is
ascertained ( the denominator)
A specific period of time during which the disease,
abnormality, or characteristic occurrence is
observed.
Example:
Given:
500 new cases
2000 ( the actual population of the city)
Representation:
500 cases per 2 million
0.025 per hundred (percent)
0.25 per thousand
250 per million
When the denominator is restricted
solely to those persons who are capable
of having or contracting a disease, it is called
POPULATION AT RISK.
MEASURES OF DISEASE(EPIDEMIOLOGY)
1 PREVALENCE
2 INCIDENCE
PREVALENCE RATE
Prevalence of the disease is the number of cases
(of that disease) at a given point in time.
P = no. of cases at a given point in time

no. of people in the population of interest at that
point in time
INCIDENCE RATE
Incidence of the disease is the number of NEW
cases that occur during a specified amount of time.
I= no. of new cases occurring during a period

no. of people initially at risk of developing the
disease
Example:
Number of cases of coronary heart disease events
(angina, myocardial infarction, or sudden death)
occurring in a population of 742 men during a 12-
year period is
I= 88/742 *1000= 119 coronary heart

disease events per 1,000 persons initially at risk
during a 12 yr. period
RELATIVE RISK (RR)
RR= incidence of disease in exposed group
incidence of disease in unexposed group
Example:
RR= 30 per 100,000 per year

10 per 100,000 per year
= 3
ATTRIBUTABLE RISK
The attributable risk is the incidence of disease in an
exposed group minus the incidence of disease in
unexposed group.
AR= 30 per 100,000 per year 10 per 100,000 per

year
= 20 cases per 100,000 per year
Mean
Arithmetic
Mean Weighted
Mean
Weighted Mean
WM = 5f1 + 4f2 + 3f3 + 2f4 + 1f5

N
where:
WM= weighted mean
5,... = constant value
f1,...= frequency
N = population
Arithmetic Mean
X= x/N
where:
X = arithmetic mean
x = score
N = population
z-test
A. When comparing the population mean with the
sample mean
z= X-
n
where:
X = sample mean
= population mean
= population standard deviation
n = no. of items in a sample
B. When comparing two sample means
z = X1 X2
/1/n1 + 1/n2
where:
X1= first sample mean

X2= second sample mean
= population standard deviation
n1= no. of items in the first sample
n2= no. of items in the second sample
C. When comparing two sample proportions
z= P1 P2
P1q1 P2q2
n1 n2
where:
P1 = first sample proportion

P2 = second sample proportion
q1 = 1- P1
q2 = 1- P2
n1 = number of items in the first sample
n2 = number of items in the second sample
t-test
A. When comparing the population mean with the
sample mean
t= X-
s/n-1
where:
X= sample mean
= population mean
s = sample standard deviation
n= no. of items in a sample

B. When comparing two sample means for

independent samples
t = X1 X2
/ (n1-1)(s1)2 + (n2-1)(s2)2 / 1 + 1
/ n1 + n2 -2 / n1 n2
where:
X1= first sample mean
X2= second sample mean
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
F = MSSb
MSSw
where:
MSSb = Mean Sum of Squares (between)
MSSw = Mean Sum of Sqaures (within)
Chi-Square Test
k 2
X2 = [0 E]
n=1 E
where:
O = Observed frequencies
E = Expected frequencies
Correlation
A. Pearson Product Moment Correlation
r= N XY X Y ____________
[NX2 (X)2] [NY2 (Y)2]
where:
X and Y = variables
Spearman Rank
r= 1 - 6 D2
N(N2 -1)
where:
D= differences between ranks of
corresponding values of X and Y
N= the number of pairs of values in the data
Nonparametric Statistics
Population is not normal/distribution free
Small sample (below 30)
Non random sampling
Ordinal, nominal-categorical data
Less efficient
Data are changed to ranks or signs
Does not use all information in the sample throw
away information
One Sample Case
Binomial Test
Chi-square Test
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
Two-independent Samples
Case
Mann-Whitney U Test
Moses Extreme Actions Test
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z Test
Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test
Two-related Samples Case
Wilcoxon Test
Sign Test
Mc Nemar Test
Marginal Homogeneity Test
K-independent Samples Case
Kruskal-Wallis H Test
Jonckheere-Terpsta Test
Median Test
K-related Samples Case
Friedman Test
Kendalls W Test
Cochrans Q Test
Correlation
Spearmans Rank Correlation
Coefficient
Kendall Rank Correlation
Coefficient
STATISTICAL TOOLPAK
Open a MS Excel Sheet
Click the Office Button
Click the Excel Options
Steps in Click Add-ins
Installing Highlight Analysis Toolpak
the Toolpak: Click GO
Check the Add-ins Analysis
Toolpack and Analysis
Toolpak-VBA
Click OK
T-test
t Stat = 9.90754 (CV)
t Critical two-tail = 2.14479 (TV)
CV TV
reject H0
There is a significant difference
ANOVA
F = 97.3395 (CV)
F Crit = 2.769431 (TV)
CV TV
reject H0
There is a significant difference
Correlation
gender & LC -0.29939
age & LC 0.465041
yr level & LC 0.465041
Degree of Relationship
+/- 1.00 Perfect Correlation

+/- 0.91-0.99 Very High Correlation
+/- 0.71-0.90 High Correlation
+/- 0.51-0.70 Moderate Correlation
+/- 0.31-0.50 Low Correlation
+/- 0.01-0.30 Negligible Correlation
0.00 No Correlation
VARIABLES r-value Degree of
Relationship
gender & LC -0.29939 negative
negligible corr
age & LC 0.465041 positive low
correlation
yr level & LC 0.465041 Positive low
correlation
Testing the Significance of r
t= r n-2/1-r2
If CV >TV, reject the Null Hypothesis

If CV <TV, accept the Null Hypothesis

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STATISTICAL TOOLS IN

1. Formulate the H0 and Ha.

2. Set the level of significance, or value.

3. Determine the test to be used.

5. Locate the Tabulated value (TV)

If CV >TV, reject the If CV <TV, accept the

0.025 per hundred (percent)

0.25 per thousand

250 per million

P = no. of cases at a given point in time

I= no. of new cases occurring during a period

I= 88/742 *1000= 119 coronary heart

RR= 30 per 100,000 per year

AR= 30 per 100,000 per year 10 per 100,000 per

WM = 5f1 + 4f2 + 3f3 + 2f4 + 1f5

X1= first sample mean

P1 = first sample proportion

B. When comparing two sample means for

A. Pearson Product Moment Correlation

Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test

Marginal Homogeneity Test

+/- 1.00 Perfect Correlation

If CV >TV, reject the Null Hypothesis

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