MECH4450 Introduction to Finite

Element Methods

Finite Element Analysis of Axi-symmetric

Problems, Thermoelastic Problems and 3-D
Problems
 Axi-symmetric Problems
Definition:
A problem in which geometry, loadings, boundary
conditions and materials are symmetric about one axis
(cylindrical symmetry).

Examples:
 Axi-symmetric Analysis
Cylindrical coordinates: r, , z
x r cos ; y r sin ; z z

quantities depend on r and z only

3-D problem 2-D problem
Axi-symmetric Analysis
Single-Variable Problem Heat Conduction

Heat Conduction:
1 T (r , z ) T (r , z )
- rk - k - f (r , z ) 0
rr r z z

Weak form

w T w T
0 k + k - wf (r , z ) rdrdz
r
We

r z z
-wqn ds
Ge

T (r , z )
T (r , z )
where qn k nr + k nz
r z
 Finite Element Model Heat Conduction

u u jf j where f j ( r , z ) f j ( x, y )
j

Ritz method: w fi
n
Weak form ij j i i
K e e

j 1
u f e
+ Q e

fj
fi fj
fi

where K
e
ij k
+k rdrdz
We

r r z z

fi e f frdrdz
i
We

fi qn ds
Qie
Ge
 3-Node Axi-symmetric Element

T (r , z ) T1f1 + T2f2 + T3f3

3
r2 z3 - r3 z2
f1
1 r z z - z
1 2 3
2 Ae r -r
3 2

r3 z1 - r1 z3
2 1 r z z - z
f2 3 1
2 Ae r -r
1 3

r1 z2 - r2 z1
f3
1 r z
z1 - z2
2 Ae r -r
2 1
 4-Node Axi-symmetric Element
h

T (r , z ) T1f1 + T2f2 + T3f3 + T4f4

4 3
b
1 2 x
h x h
x f1
1-
1 - f2 1-
a a
b a b
z
xh x h
f3 f4
1-
r ab a b
 Thermal Stress and Thermal Strain

Case 1

Case 2
Thermal Stress and Thermal Strain Governing
Equations

Total Strain: e e P + eT

s xx s yy s
e xx - e Tx -n - n zz
Hookes Law: E E E
s xx s yy s
e yy - e Ty -n + - n zz
E E E
s xx s yy s zz
e zz - e Tz -n -n +
E E E
Strain-Deformation:

ux
uy u
e xx e yy e zz z
x y z
ux
1 uy 1 uy uz 1 uz ux
e xy + e + e
zx 2 +
x
yz
2 y 2 z
y x
z
 Thermo-Elasticity Analysis
1 n n
E - - 0 0 0
E E

e x - T - n 1
-
n
0 0 0 s x
e - T E E E s y
y n n 1
e z - T - E - 0 0 0 s
E E z

yz 0 0 0
1
0 0 yz
xz G xz
1
xy 0 0 0 0 0 xy
G
1
0 0 0 0 0
G
E
G
Plane Stress Analysis 2 1 + n Plane Strain Analysis

E nE 1 -n E nE
0 0
s x 1 - n 2 1 -n 2
e x - T s x 1 + n 1 - 2n 1 + n 1 - 2n e x - T

s y
nE E
0 e y - T nE 1 -n E
0 e y - T

s y
1 - n 1 + n 1 - 2n 1 + n 1 - 2n
2
1 -n 2
E xy
xy 0 0 xy E xy
2 1 + n 0 0

2 1 + n
Finite Element Model of Thermal Stress and
Thermal Strain 1-D Bar
Equilibrium in terms of displacement
d du ( x ) d
E - E T - T0 - f 0
dx dx dx

Example:
x

L L
dw du ~ du
Weak form: 0 E - wf dx - w E
0
dx dx dx 0

d
where f f + E T - T0
%
dx
 Equations of Plane Thermo-Elasticity
Governing Equations
(Static Equilibrium)
Strain-Deformation
s x xy (Small Deformation)
Constitutive Relation + 0
(Linear Elasticity) x y
xy s y u v
+ 0 ex ey
s x C11 0 e x - T x y
C12 x y

s y C12 C 22 0 e y - T v u
0
xy +
xy 0 C 33 xy x y

u v u v
C
11 + C 12 + C33 + C 33 C11 + C12 T

+ fx
x x y y y x x



C


u
+ C
v

+ C

u
+ C
v

C12 + C22 T
+ fy
33 33 12 22

x y
x y x
y y
Evaluation of Total Strain

x y x y
f 1 1 - 1 - f 2 1 -
a b a b
x y x y
f3 f4 1 -
a b ab

u( x , y ) f 1 u1 + f 2 u2 + f 3 u3 + f 4 u4

v ( x , y ) f 1 v 1 + f 2 v 2 + f 3 v 3 + f 4 v 4

u
4 f

x
j
uj
e x x j 1
4 f
v
e
y
y

y
j
v j
j 1
u v 4 f j
xy
f j
+
y x u + v
j 1 y j x j
 Evaluation of Stresses
u1
v
1 y 1 y y y 1
-
a 1 - 0 1- 0 0 - 0 u2
ex b a b ab ab
1 x x x 1 x v 2
e
y 0 - 1- 0 - 0 0 1 -
b a ab ab b a u3
xy
- 1 1 - x - 1 1 - y -
x 1
1-
y x y 1 x
1- -
y v3
b a a b ab a b ab ab b a ab u
4
v
4

Plane Stress Analysis Plane Strain Analysis

E nE 1 -n E nE
0 0
s x 1 - n 2 1 -n 2
e x - T s x 1 + n 1 - 2n 1 + n 1 - 2n e x - T

s y
nE E
0 e y - T nE 1 -n E
0 e y - T

s y
1 - n 1 + n 1 - 2n 1 + n 1 - 2n
2
1 -n 2
E xy
xy 0 0 xy E xy
2 1 + n 0 0

2 1 + n
 3-D Linear Elasticity
s xx s xy s xz e xx e xy e xz
s s yx s yy s yz e e yx
e yy e yz
s zx s zy s zz e zy e zz
e zx

Generalized Hookes Law

s xx s s
e xx - n yy - n zz
E E E
s s s xy G xy yz G yz zx G zx
e yy -n xx + yy - n zz
E E E
s s s
e zz -n xx - n yy + zz
E E E

Governing equations 2u 2v
l + m 2 +
2 w 2u 2u 2u
+ + m 2 + 2 + 2 + f x 0
x
x y
x z x y z
2u 2 v 2 w 2 v 2v 2v
l + m + 2 + + m 2 + 2 + 2 + f y 0

x y
y
y z x y z
2u 2 v 2 w 2 w 2 w 2 w
l + m + + 2 + m 2 + 2 + 2 + f z 0

x z
y z z x y z
Specification of Boundary Conditions

EBC: Specify displacement on G

NBC: Specify traction on G
r r r r

t ( s) txi + t y j + tzk ;
t x s xx nx + s xy n y + s xz nz ; t y s yx nx + s yy n y + s yz nz ;
t z s zx nx + s zy n y + s zz nz ;
 Tetrahedral Element

4
1

u ( x, y , z ) f1u1 + f2u2 + f3u3 + f4u4

v ( x, y , z ) f1v1 + f2v2 + f3v3 + f4 v4

w( x, y , z ) f1w1 + f2 w2 + f3w3 + f4 w4

V1 V2 V3 V4
f1 f2 f3 f4
Ve Ve Ve Ve
Formulation of 4-Node Tetrahedral Element
Example:

Interpolation property:
 8-Node Brick Element for 3-D Stress Analysis
8 7

5 6

4 3

1 2

u ( x, y , z ) f1u1 + f2u2 + f3u3 + f4u4 + f5u5 + f6u6 + f7u7 + f8u8

v ( x, y , z ) f1v1 + f2v2 + f3v3 + f4v4 + f5v5 + f6v6 + f7v7 + f8v8
w( x, y , z ) f1w1 + f2 w2 + f3w3 + f4 w4 + f5w5 + f6 w6 + f7 w7 + f8 w8

1 x y z 1 x
y z 1 x y z 1 x y
z
f1
1+ 1-
1 - f2
1+
1+
1 - f3
1- 1+
1 - f4
1- 1-
1-
8 a
b c 8 a
b c 8 a b c 8 a
b
c
1 x y z 1 x y z 1 x
y z 1 x y
z
f5
1+ 1- 1 + f6
1+ 1+
1 + f7
1- 1+ 1 + f8
1- 1-
1+
8 a
b c 8 a b c 8 a
b c 8 a
b
c
High-Order Elements for 3-D Stress Analysis
10-node tetrahedral element
3

4
1

8 7 20-node brick element

5 6

4 3

1 2