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Element Methods
Examples:
Axi-symmetric Analysis
Cylindrical coordinates: r, , z
x r cos ; y r sin ; z z
Heat Conduction:
1 T (r , z ) T (r , z )
rk k f (r , z ) 0
r r r z z
Weak form
w T w T
0 k k wf (r , z ) rdrdz
e
r r z z
wqn ds
e
T (r , z ) T (r , z )
where qn k nr k nz
r z
Finite Element Model Heat Conduction
u u j j where j ( r , z ) j ( x, y )
j
Ritz method: w i
n
Weak form ij j i i
K e e
j 1
u f e
Q e
i j i j
where K
e
rdrdz
r r z z
ij
e
fi e frdrdz
e
i
Qie i qn ds
e
3-Node Axi-symmetric Element
r2 z3 r3 z2
1
1 r z
1 z2 z3
2 Ae r r
3 2
r3 z1 r1 z3
2 2
1 r z z z
3 1
2 Ae r r
1 3
r1 z2 r2 z1
3
1 rz
z1 z2
2 Ae r r
2 1
4-Node Axi-symmetric Element
h
Case 1
=0
= = =
Case 2 =
= =0
Thermal Stress and Thermal Strain Governing
Equations
Total Strain: P T
xx yy zz
Hookes Law: xx Tx
E E E
xx yy zz
yy Ty
E E E
xx yy zz
zz Tz
E E E
Strain-Deformation:
ux u y u
xx yy zz z
x y z
1 ux u y 1 u y uz 1 uz ux
xy
2 y x 2 z y 2 x z
yz zx
Thermo-Elasticity Analysis
1
E 0 0 0
E E
x T 1
0 0 0 x
T E E E y
y
0
1
z T E
E E
0 0
z
yz 0 0 0
1
0 0 yz
xz G xz
1
0 xy
xy 0 0 0 0
G
1
0 0 0 0 0
G
E
G
Plane Stress Analysis 21 Plane Strain Analysis
E E 1 E E
0 0
x 1 2 1 2
x T x 1 1 2 1 1 2 x T
y
E E
0 y T E 1 E
0 y T
y
1 1 1 2 1 1 2
2
1 2
E xy
xy 0 0 xy E xy
2 1 0 0
2 1
Finite Element Model of Thermal Stress and
Thermal Strain 1-D Bar
Equilibrium in terms of displacement
d du( x ) d
E E T T0 f 0
dx dx dx
Example: =0 0 = 0
x
= 0 = 0 +
= 0 at = 0 = 0
L
dw du ~ du
L
Weak form: 0 E wf dx w E
0
dx dx dx 0
where f f
d
dx
E T T0
Equations of Plane Thermo-Elasticity
Governing Equations
(Static Equilibrium)
Strain-Deformation
x xy
Constitutive Relation 0 (Small Deformation)
(Linear Elasticity) x y
xy y u v
0 x y
x C11 C12 0 x T x y x y
y C12 C 22 0 y T v u
0
xy
xy 0 C 33 xy x y
u v u v
11 C C C C C11 C12 T f x
x x y y y x x
12 33 33
C33 u C33 v C12 u C22 v C12 C22 T f y
x y x y x y y
Evaluation of Total Strain
x y x y
1 1 1 2 1
a b a b
x y x y
3 4 1
a b ab
u( x , y ) 1 u1 2 u2 3 u3 4 u4
v( x , y ) 1v1 2 v 2 3 v 3 4 v4
u
4
j
uj
x x j 1 x
4
v
y
y
y
j
v j
j 1
u v 4 j
xy
j
y x u v
j 1 y j x j
Evaluation of Stresses
u1
v
1 y 1 y y y 1
a 1 0 1 0 0 0 u2
x b a b ab ab
1 x x x 1 x v 2
y 0 1 0 0 0 1
b a ab ab b a u3
xy
1 1 x 1 1 y
x 1
1
y x y 1 x
1
y v3
b a a b ab a b ab ab b a ab u
4
v
4
E E 1 E E
0 0
x 1 2 1 2
x T x 1 1 2 1 1 2 x T
y
E E
0 y T E 1 E
0 y T
y
1 1 1 2 1 1 2
2
1 2
E xy
xy 0 0 xy E xy
2 1 0 0
2 1
3-D Linear Elasticity
xx xy xz xx xy xz
yx yy yz
yx
yy yz
zx zy zz zx zy zz
Governing equations 2u 2 v 2w 2u 2u 2u
2 2 2 2 fx 0
x x y xz x y z
2u 2 v 2 w 2v 2v 2v
2 2 2 2 fy 0
xy y yz x y z
2u 2v 2 w 2w 2w 2w
2 2 2 2 fz 0
x z y z z x y z
Specification of Boundary Conditions
4
1
V1 V2 V3 V4
1 2 3 4
Ve Ve Ve Ve
Formulation of 4-Node Tetrahedral Element
Example: 1 = + + +
Interpolation property:
1 1 1 1 1
0 = 1 2 2 2
0 1 3 3 3
0 1 4 4 4
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 2 2 2 0
1 = 1
1 3 3 3 0
1 4 4 4 0
1
=
8-Node Brick Element for 3-D Stress Analysis
8 7
5 6
4 3
1 2
1 x y z 1 x y z 1 x y z 1 x y z
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 1
8 a b c 8 a b c 8 a b c 8 a b c
1 x y z 1 x y z 1 x y z 1 x y z
5 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 8 1 1 1
8 a b c 8 a b c 8 a b c 8 a b c
High-Order Elements for 3-D Stress Analysis
10-node tetrahedral element
3
4
1
5 6
4 3
1 2