The Anatomy and Physiology

of the Respiratory System

Anatomi dan Fisiologi Sistem

Respirasi
Functions of the Respiratory System

Fungsi Sistem Respirasi

Air Distributor (penyalur udara)
Gas exchanger (tempat pertukaran udara)
Filters, warms, and humidifies air
(menyaring, menghangatkan dan
melembabkan udara)
Influences speech (mempengaruhi bicara)
Allows for sense of smell (indra
penciuman)
 Divisions of the Respiratory System

Pembagian Sistem Pernapasan

Upper respiratory tract
(outside thorax)

Sistem pernapasan bagian

atas (diluar thoraks)
Nose (hidung)
Nasal Cavity (rongga
hidung)
Sinuses (sinus)
Pharynx
Larynx
 Divisions of the Respiratory
System
Lower respiratory tract
(within thorax)

Sistem pernapasan bawah

(didalam thoraks)
Trachea
Bronchial Tree
(bronkus & bronkeolus)
Lungs (paru paru)
 Structures of the Upper Respiratory Tract

Struktur dari jalur sistem respirasi bagian atas

Nose - warms and moistens air

Hidung menghangatkan dan
melembutkan udara
Palantine bone separates nasal
cavity from mouth.
Tulang Palantin memisahkan
rongga hidung dan mulut
Cleft palate - Palantine bone
does not form correctly,
difficulty in swallowing and
speaking.
Celah Palate Tulang palatine
tidak terbentuk dengan benar,
menyulitkan dalam menelan
dan berbicara
Septum - separates right and left
nostrils
Septum memisahkan lubang
kanan dan kiri hidung
rich blood supply = nose
bleeds.
 Structures of the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Pharynx - (throat)
Base of skull to
esophagus
3 divisions
Nasopharynx - behind nose
to soft palate.
Adenoids swell and
block.
Oropharynx - behind
mouth, soft palate to hyoid
bone.
tonsils
Laryngopharynx - hyoid
bone to esophagus.
 Structures of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Pharynx Continued

Struktur dari jalur sistem pernapasan bagian

atas kelanjutan dari faring

Changes shape to allow for vowel

sounds = phonation.
Dapat berubah bentuk untuk
memungkinkan suara vokal = fonation.
 Structures of the Lower
Respiratory Tract
Larynx - voice box
Laring kotak suara
Root of tongue to
upper end of trachea.
(Dari akar lidah sampai
batas atas trakea)
Made of cartilage
(Terdiri dari kartilago)
2 pairs of folds (Ada 2
pasang lipatan)
Vestibular - false
vocal cords
Vestibular pita
 Structures of the Lower
Respiratory Tract larynx
cont
Thyroid cartilage - adams
apple - larger in males due
to testosterone. (tiroid
kartilago jakun
perbesarannya dipengaruhi
testosteron)
Epiglottis - flap of skin
(hatch) on trachea, moves
when swallowing and
speaking. (Epiglotis
lubang pada trakea,
bergerak pada saat menelan
dan berbicara)
 Structures of the Lower
Respiratory Tract
Trachea (windpipe)
Larynx to bronchi
(dari laring sampai
bronkus)
Consists of smooth
cartilage and C
shaped rings of
cartilage. (terdiri
dari tulang rawan
kartilago dan cincin
kartilago berbentuk
C)
Tracheostomy -
 Structures of the Lower
Respiratory Tract
Bronchi
Tubes that branch off
trachea and enter into
lungs (pipa yang bercabang
dari trakea dan masuk
kedalam paru paru)
Ciliated (bersilia/bulu
halus)
Branches: Primary
bronchisecondary
bronchitertiary
bronchibronchioles
Percabangan: Bronkus
primer-bronkus sekunder-
bronkus tersier-
Structures of the Lower
Respiratory Tract
 Structures of the Lower
Respiratory Tract
Lungs (paru paru)
Extend from
diaphragm to
clavicles (meluas
dari diafragma
sampai klavikula)
Divided into lobes
by fissures.
(dipisahkan kedalam
lobus lobus oleh
fisura)
Visceral pleura
adheres to the
(Plural bronchi) Bronchioles
 Respiratory Physiology
Pulmonary Ventilation =
breathing (Ventilasi
Pulmoner = bernapas)
Mechanism (Mekanisme)
Movement of gases
through a pressure
gradient - hi to low.
(pergerakan gas
tergantung tekanan
dari tinggi ke rendah)
When atmospheric
pressure (760 mmHg)
is greater than lung
pressure ---- air flows
in = inspiration. (Ketika
tekanan asmosfir
(760mmHg) lebih besar
dari tekanan dalam
paru --- udara masuk =
 Respiratory Physiology
Pressure gradients are established by changes in
thoracic cavity. ( tekanan gradien ditentukan
oleh perubahan rongga toraks)
increase size in thorax = a decrease in pressure --- air
moves in. (peningkatan ukuran thoraks = penurunan tekanan
udara masuk)
Decrease size in thorax = increase in pressure --- air
moves out. (penurunan ukuran thoraks = peningkatan
tekanan --- udara keluar)
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes6.htm
 Inspiration (inspirasi)
-contraction of diaphragm and
intercostal muscles (diafragma dan otot
intercostal berkontraksi)
 Expiration (ekspirasi)
relaxation of diaphragm and
intercostal muscles (diafragma dan
ott intercostal relaksasi)
 Volumes of Air Exchange
(volume pertukaran gas)
Tidal volume - amount of air exhaled normally after a typical
inspiration. Normal - about 500 ml (volume tidal jumlah udara
yang dihembuskan secara normal setelah inspirasi yang khas.
Normalnya sekitar 500 ml.)
Expiratory Reserve volume - additional amount of air forcibly
expired after tidal expiration (1000 - 1200 ml). (volume cadangan
ekspirasi tambahan volume udara yang dihembuskan secara pasa
setelah pernapasan tidal)
Inspiratory Reserve volume - (deep breath) amount of air that can
be forcibly inhaled over and above normal. (volume cadangan
inspirasi (menarik napas dalam) jumlah udara yang dapat secara
paksa dihirup diatas batas normal.
Residual volume - amount of air that stays trapped in the alveoli
(about 1.2 liters). (volume residu jumlah udara yang tersisa di
dalam alveolus (sekitar 1,2 liter))
 Volumes of Air Exchange
Vital capacity - the largest volume of air an individual can
move in and out of the lungs. (kapasitas vital volume
terbesar dari udara yang seseorang dapat hirup dan
hembuskn dari paru2)
Vital capacity = sum of IRV+TV+ERV (jumlah dari IRV + TV +
ERV)
Depends of many factors (dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor)
size of thoracic cavity (ukuran dari rongga toraks)
Posture (postur tubuh)
volume of blood in lungs congestive heart failure,
emphysema, disease, etc (volume darah dalam paru ->
gagal jantung kongestif, emfisema, penyakit, dll..)
 Volumes of Air Exchange
Eupnea - normal quiet breathing, 12-17 breaths per minute. (eupnea
bernapas normal, 12-17 napas per menit)
Hyperpnea - increase in breathing to meet an increased demand by
body for oxygen. (hipernea peningkatan pernapasa untuk memenuhi
peningkatan kebutuhan O2 dlm tubuh)
Hyperventilation - increase in pulmonary ventilation in excess of the
need for oxygen. (Hiperventilasi peningkatan ventilasi pulmonar
karena peningkatan kadar oksigen)
Someone hysterical (seseorang yang panik) Bernapas di
Exertion (sulit bernapas) kantung
Hypoventilation - decrease in pulmonary ventilation. udara
(hipoventilasi penurunan ventilasi pulmonar)
Apnea - temporary cessation of breathing at the end of normal
expiration. (Apnea pengehentian sementara dalam bernapas dalam
ekspirasi normal)
 Heimlich Maneuver
Lifesaving technique that
is used to open a windpipe
that is suddenly
obstructed. (teknik
penyelamatan yang
digunakan untuk membuka
pipa udara yang tiba tiba
tersumbat)
Air already in lungs used
to expel object. (udara
yang telah ada di paru2
digunakan untuk
mengeluarkan objek)
 Heimlich Maneuver
Technique - Conscious victim (pada
pasien sadar)
Ask the victim if he/she can talk (tanya
apakah masih dapat bicara)
Stand behind victim and wrap your arms
around their waist. (berdiri di belakang
pasien dan lingkarkan tangan disekitar
pinggang)
Make a fist with one hand and grasp it
with the other hand. (buat satu kepalan
tangan dan tutup dengan tangan satunya)
Place thumb side of fist below xiphoid
process and above navel. (letakan ibu jari
di sisi kepalan dibawah xiphoid proses dan
diatas pusar)
Thrust your fist in and upward - about 4
times. (hentakan kepalan kedalam dan
keatas sekitar 4 kali)
DO NOT press on ribs or sternum
(DILARANG menekan di bagian tulang iga
atau sternum)
 Heimlich Maneuver
Technique - Unconscious victim (pasien
tidak sadar)
Catch victim if they begin to fall - place on
floor face up. (tangkap pasien jika ia akan
terjatuh posisikan wajah menghadap atas)
Straddle hips (angkat pinggulnya)
Place one hand on top of other on the victims
abdomen - above navel and below xiphoid
process. (letakan satu tangan diatas tangan
satunya di atas perut pasien)
Forceful upward thrusts with heel of hand -
several times if necessary. (dorong dengan
paksa kearah atas dengan ujung tangan
 Review Questions
1 Which of the following is not a function of
the respiratory system?

A. influence speech
B. Distribution of oxygen to cells
C. Filtration of air
D. Warming of air
B
 2
The common name for the trachea is
_______

Windpipe
 3
The structure known as the Adams Apple
located in neck is the _____

Thyroid Cartilage
 4
The smallest branches of the bronchial
tree are the
a. Primary bronchi
b. Secondary bronchi
c. Tertiary bronchi D
d. Bronchioles
 5
The flap or opening to the trachea is the
a. Larynx
b. Pharynx
c. Epiglottis
d. Vocal cords
 6
The structure that separates the right and
left nasal cavities is the ____________

Septum
 7
The incorrect formation of the palantine
bone during gestation is known as a
__________

Cleft Palate
 8
During inspiration which of the
following does not occur?

A. Diaphragm contracts
B
B. Intercostals relax
C. Diaphragm flattens
D. Size of thorax increases
 9
Which of the following activities is the
best analogy of respiration?

A. Exchanging gifts
A
B. Giving a gift
C. Receiving a gift
D. Sitting in a chair
 10

Air is forced into the lungs by the

contraction of the

A. Alveoli
B. Bronchioles C
C. Diaphragm
D. Heart