09 Finishes

1.
CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored-
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
1. CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.01 STUCCO OR CEMENT PLASTER FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish Stucco is a mortar consisting of cement, sand and water.
1.06 Exposed Aggr Hydrated lime is often added to make the mortar easier to
1.07 Wood Float Finish work. It is applied in three coats:
- scratch and brown coats are mixed in the proportion of
Cement Finish 1 part Portland cement to 3 parts of sand, with about
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH 10lbs. of hydrated lime.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo - The finish coat is usually richer in the proportion of
3. TILE FINISHES 1 part of Portland cement to 2 parts of sand.
3.01 Cement Tile - Coarse sand is used for the base coats and fine sand
3.02 Ceramic Tile
for the finish coat.
Before applying for the stucco or cement plaster, the
4.05 Linoleum Sheet concrete (or masonry) surface should be roughened to
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN ensure good bonding.
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor Old concrete surfaces are roughened with a bush hammer
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
or small pick, and then washed thoroughly with acid and
6.02 Acoustic Tile water to remove all dirt and loose particles.
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
New concrete can be roughened with a heavy wire brush
7.03 Paint Defects or a special scoring tool.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.01 STUCCO OR CEMENT PLASTER FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
The scratch coat is then trowelled onto the wall surface.
1.07 Wood Float Finish Just as soon as the first coat is but not hard, it is scratched
1.08 Steel Trowelled with a small rake to form a key for the second coat.
Cement Finish Average thickness of the scratch coat is 3/8.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo The brown coat is applied a few days after the first coat
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
has set firm and hard, also to a thickness of 3/8. It is
3.02 Ceramic Tile applied with a wood float and leveled to a flat, even and
3.03 Asphalt Tile relatively smooth surface.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet The finish coat is applied over the brown coat after all work
4.05 Linoleum Sheet is free from waves and cracks, and set and dry. Thickness
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN of the finish coat is 1/8 minimum and rarely exceeds
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring except for finishes requiring rough texture. The finish coat
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor should be kept damp but not wet for a few days, to prevent
6. CEILING FINISHES hairline cracks.
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.02 RUBBED FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
This consist of grinding down the surface of the concrete
1.07 Wood Float Finish a day or two after it is poured, using a brick of
1.08 Steel Trowelled carborundum, emery or soft natural stone.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
With the rubbing, which is done with a circular motion, a
2.02 Terrazo thin grout of cement and sand is applied to the surface
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
and well rubbed in to fill surface imperfections, and the
3.02 Ceramic Tile work afterward washed down with clean water.
3.03 Asphalt Tile
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet If fine sand is used instead of a grout, the method is
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet called a sand-float finish .
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.03 BRUSHED FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
This type of finished is obtained by scrubbing or
1.07 Wood Float Finish brushing the concrete surface with fiber or wire brushes
1.08 Steel Trowelled and water to remove the surface film or mortar, leaving
Cement Finish the coarse aggregate exposed.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo This should be done while the concrete surface is still
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
green and just as soon as it is possible to do so without
3.02 Ceramic Tile removing particles of the aggregate.
3.03 Asphalt Tile
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet The appearance of a brushed finish can be improved by
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet washing with a diluted solution of acid applied with a
4.05 Linoleum Sheet brush. The acid thoroughly cleans the surface of the
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN aggregate, thereby intensifying the color and texture of
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring the same.
6. CEILING FINISHES The surface should be thoroughly washed after the acid
6.01 Ceiling Board treatment as otherwise it will have a mottled, streaky
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES appearance.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.04 TOOLED FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Concrete surfaces may be finished by tooling by any of
1.07 Wood Float Finish the methods employed for dressing or finishing natural
1.08 Steel Trowelled stone.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
Bush hammering, either by hand or by pneumatic tool, is
2.02 Terrazo the most popular method used in tooling concrete
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
surfaces. The best results are obtained on surfaces
3.02 Ceramic Tile which are thoroughly hard.
3.03 Asphalt Tile
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet The concrete should preferably be about 2 months old.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet Only small-sized aggregate should be used in the facing
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN material, as it is hard to dress and obtain uniform results
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring where large angular stones are encountered.
6. CEILING FINISHES Tooling cannot ordinarily be performed satisfactorily on

6.01 Ceiling Board gravel concrete, as the pebbles will be dislodged before
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES being chipped.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.05 SAND-BLAST FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
A sand-blast finish is very much the same in appearance
1.07 Wood Float Finish as that obtained by brushing the concrete while it is still
1.08 Steel Trowelled green.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
Sand blasting produces a granulated finish somewhat
2.02 Terrazo similar to sandstone but not so uniform, because the
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
aggregates are likely to be brought out irregularly.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
3.03 Asphalt Tile The concrete should be thoroughly hardened before
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet sand-blasting.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet A clean, sharp, thoroughly dried silica sand or crushed
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN quartz is most effective for sand-blasting. A 3/8noxxle
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring may be used, but under ordinary conditions or even
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor 1/8 have found to give good results.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board The best results are obtained on a thoroughly hardened
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES concrete surface at least a month old, and for such work
7.01 Transparent Fin a nozzle pressure of from 50 to 80 lbs. will be required.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.06 EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
The color is obtained from exposed aggregate and not
1.07 Wood Float Finish by adding coloring material to the mixture.
Cement Finish Facing mortar of I part Portland cement, 1-1/2 parts
2.01 Granolithic
sand, and 3 parts of special screenings or pebbles of the
2.02 Terrazo desired color shall be placed against the forms to a
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
thickness of about 1 inch sufficiently in advance of the
3.02 Ceramic Tile body concrete to prevent the latter from coming into
3.03 Asphalt Tile contact with the forms.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet Such colored or other
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
special aggregate used
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN for finish shall be
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring exposed by scrubbing as
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor in 1.03.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.08 STEEL TROWELLED FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
After the concrete aggregate is forced below the surface,
1.07 Wood Float Finish the surface is leveled with a straight wood screed, and
1.08 Steel Trowelled given a wood float finish. Before the concrete finally sets,
Cement Finish the entire surface is steel-trowelled
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
1.09 INTEGRAL COLORED-CEMENT FINISH
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
3.03 Asphalt Tile When the concrete is still green but surface water is
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN gone, the surface is leveled with a straight wood screed.
Then a finish coat of 1:3 mortar is applied. This finish
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet coat is leveled with a wood screed, given a wood float
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
finish and then steel-trowelled
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
2. GRANOLITHIC and TERRAZO FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 2.01 GRANOLITHIC FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
This consists of a topping with a mixture of 1 part cement,
1.07 Wood Float Finish 1 part sand and 1 part finely crushed stone. It is called
1.08 Steel Trowelled granolithic because fine aggregate chips were originally
Cement Finish used in the aggregate.
2.01 Granolithic Finely ground corundum may also be a part of the
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
aggregate to produce an enduring and non-slip surface .
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile 2.02 TERRAZO FINISH
3.03 Asphalt Tile
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet Terrazzo is a mixture of cement, marble chip aggregates
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet and water laid as a topping or as a wall finish, and ground
4.05 Linoleum Sheet to a fine, smooth surface.
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring It is used for floor and bases where durability, resistance to
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor wear, and minimal maintenance are necessary. It is
6. CEILING FINISHES
available either in precast form e.g. tile, or cast-in-place
6.01 Ceiling Board form, with either a smoothly polished or non-slip surface.
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin For non-slip surfaces, abrasive granules are added to the
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
mixture.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
2. GRANOLITHIC and TERRAZO FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 2.02 TERRAZO FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish The terrazzo topping shall consist of
1.06 Exposed Aggr
200 lbs. of marble chip aggregate to
1.08 Steel Trowelled 1 bag (94 lb.) of cement. The matrix
1.09 Integral Colored- may either be white or gray Portland
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH cement as desired.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
For non-slip heavy duty floors the
3.01 Cement Tile mixture shall consist of 150 lbs. of
3.02 Ceramic Tile
3.03 Asphalt Tile marble chip aggregate and 50 lbs.
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN of abrasive granules to one bag of
cement.
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet Common specifications require that 70% of the marble
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN aggregate for terrazzo topping must show;
5.01 StripFlooring - for heavy-duty non-slip topping a proportion of three
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor marble granules to one abrasive must show ; and
- for light-duty non-slip topping, where the abrasive is
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board sprinkled on the finish, a proportion of four marble to
6.02 Acoustic Tile one abrasive granule must show.
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects Minimum thickness of terrazzo topping is 5/8.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 3.01 CEMENT TILE FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement tile is manufactured by pressing in moulds a
1.07 Wood Float Finish plastic mixture of cement and sand. Surface color of the
1.08 Steel Trowelled tile is achieved by the addition of mineral oxide colors.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
Thickness of cement tile is 25mm (1).
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES Common sizes are squares 200mm x 200mm (8x8),
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile 300mm x 300mm (12x12), and 400mm x 400mm
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN (16x16).
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet When installing cement tile, the top of the base slab shall
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
be left 50mm (2) below the finish floor.
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
The tiles shall be thoroughly soaked in water before laying
on a setting bed of cement mortar (1 part of Portland
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board cement to three parts of sand).
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 3.02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Ceramic tile are small surfacing units made from clay or
1.07 Wood Float Finish mixture of clay with other ceramic materials and fired
1.08 Steel Trowelled according various processes.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
Tiles differ principally in:
2.02 Terrazo (1) composition of the body
3. TILE FINISHES (2) surface finish, that is, glazed or unglazed
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile (3) process of manufacture; and
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN (4) the degree of vitrification or fusion of the tile body
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet after firing, as indicated by the extent to which it
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet absorbs moisture
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Composition:
1.08 Steel Trowelled Tiles are made of compounded and of natural clay
Cement Finish bodies. Those made of compound bodies contain three
2.01 Granolithic
principal constituents:
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES - the plastic, usually clays having high bonding power
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile and some fluxing ability
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN - the filler which reduces shrinkage in drying and firing
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet and imparts to the body a certain rigidity which
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet prevents deformation under heat, e.g. flint or finely
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
pulverized silica, kaolin, tale; and
5.01 StripFlooring - the flux or solvent which melts under intense heat
5.02 Plank Flooring
and fuses the heat resisting elements into a solid
mass.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile The most widely used flux in floor and wall tiles is the
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin minimal feldspar.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Finish:
1.08 Steel Trowelled Unglazed tiles are composed of the same ingredients
Cement Finish throughout and derive their color and texture from the
2.01 Granolithic
materials of which the body is made.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES Glazed tiles have a glassy surface of ceramic materials
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile fused upon their face to give them a decorative
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN appearance and to make the surface impervious to
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet moisture.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Glazes are produced in a large variety of colors, ranging
1.07 Wood Float Finish from pure white to jet black. Glaze finishes are of two
1.08 Steel Trowelled general classes in their light reflecting qualities:
Cement Finish 1) bright glazes, which have a highly polished surface
2.01 Granolithic
and reflect an image clearly; and
2.02 Terrazo 2) matte glazes, or those which do not clearly reflect an
3. TILE FINISHES image or are entirely without sheen.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN All degrees of semilustrous or satinlike finish may be
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet produced between the two extremes of reflection and
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet nonreflection.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring In addition, glazes may have:
5.02 Plank Flooring
- Plain
- textured
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board - polychrome
6.02 Acoustic Tile - mottled
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin - stippled or
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
- rippled surface
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Manufacture:
1.08 Steel Trowelled (a) Dust-press Process. Dust-pressed tiles are shaped
Cement Finish in steel dies by applying heavy pressure to the damp
2.01 Granolithic
ceramic mix while it is in finely pulverized form. The
2.02 Terrazo dust-press method of production gives greater
3. TILE FINISHES mechanical precision and a more regular appearance
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile to the tiles than other methods.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet (b) Plastic Process. Plastic-made tiles are shaped from
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet clay rendered plastic by mixing with sufficient water.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
They are made either by hand molding or by extrusion
5.01 StripFlooring from an auger-machine. When shaped by machine,
5.02 Plank Flooring
the extruded ribbon of clay is cut into the desired sizes
as it emerges from the die. Most types of tile made by
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board the plastic method vary slightly from the true
6.02 Acoustic Tile geometric forms and therefore have a more hand-
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin made appearance than to dust-presseded tiles.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Vitrification:
1.08 Steel Trowelled Vitrification is a measure of the tiles density and relative
Cement Finish absorption which depends partly on the tiles composition
2.01 Granolithic
and partly on the degree of burning. There are four
2.02 Terrazo degrees of vitrification:
3. TILE FINISHES - Nonvitreous tiles have a degree of density that permits
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile moisture absorption of more than 7% of the weight of
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN the tile but does not prevent the tile from having a high
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet degree of strength.
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet - Semivitreous tiles have a degree of density that limits
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
moisture absorption to from 3 to 7% of the weight of
5.01 StripFlooring the tile.
5.02 Plank Flooring
- Vitreous tiles have a moisture absorption of less than
3% and a body density which prevents any penetration
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board of dirt that cannot be easily removed.
6.02 Acoustic Tile - Impervious tiles are the hardest. Their moisture
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin absorption is negligible and they are readily cleansed
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
of stains and dirt.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Types of Ceramic Tiles:
1.08 Steel Trowelled a. Glazed interior tiles
Cement Finish are non-vitreous product made by the dust-
2.01 Granolithic
press-process .
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish b. Ceramic Mosaic Tiles
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish are tiles less than 6 sq.
in. in facial area,
Cement Finish preponderantly
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH unglazed, and having
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo fully vitrified or fairly
3. TILE FINISHES dense bodies.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN To facilitate installation,
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet ceramic mosaic tiles are
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet usually mounted at the
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN factory on sheets of
5.01 StripFlooring paper about 2 sq. ft. in
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor area, individual tile units
being spaced so as to allow for the insertion of
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board cement between them when the paper is removed
6.02 Acoustic Tile and the face of the tiles is exposed .
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
c. Quarry tiles
1.07 Wood Float Finish are unglazed floor tiles made from natural clays or
1.08 Steel Trowelled shales by the plastic method. They are a very durable
Cement Finish flooring material, being impervious to moisture, stains
2.01 Granolithic
and dirt, and are resistant to abrasion .
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES d. Pavers
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile are standard size unglazed tiles resembling ceramic
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN mosaic tiles in composition and physical
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet characteristics but usually having facial area of 6 sq.
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet in. or more. Because of their greater size, which
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
usually ranges from 3x3 to 6x6, these tiles are
5.01 StripFlooring generally not pasted onto paper but are laid out
5.02 Plank Flooring
individually. When by the plastic method, it is either
vitreous and semivitreous; dust-pressed pavers are
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board either impervious or vitreous. All pavers are
6.02 Acoustic Tile weatherproof and are especially suitable for heavy
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin floor service .
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.01 ASPHALT TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Resilient flooring is manufactured as tile or sheet
1.07 Wood Float Finish including:
1.08 Steel Trowelled - Asphalt
Cement Finish - vinyl
2.01 Granolithic
- rubber
2.02 Terrazo - linoleum, and
3. TILE FINISHES - cork.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN Vinyl, linoleum and rubber flooring are available also in
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet sheet form .
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish This consists of thoroughly bonded composition of
1.06 Exposed Aggr
thermoplastic binder (asphaltic type for standard
1.08 Steel Trowelled asphalt tile and resinous for greaseproof asphalt
1.09 Integral Colored- tile), asbestos and other fibers, inert filler materials
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH (various stone dust, diatomite, mica, etc.) and inert
2.01 Granolithic color pigments, formed under pressure while hot
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
and cut to size.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
Asphalt tile is usually made in 9 squares and less
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet commonly in 12 squares.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet Rectangular borders18x24 are made in a limited
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring variety of colors and patterns. Usual thickness are
5.02 Plank Flooring 1/8 and 3/16.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Asphalt tile may be installed on any smooth concrete
1.06 Exposed Aggr
subfloor above or below grade and on any wood subfloor
1.08 Steel Trowelled with sufficient strength so that no deflection can occur.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH In either case there should be no dampness:
2.01 Granolithic - It should not be used out-of-doors or for interiors
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
subject to strong direct sunlight;
3.01 Cement Tile - on concrete floors where dampness or hydrostatic
3.02 Ceramic Tile
pressure exists;
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet - on any under floor that is not smooth, even and clean
(as the flooring will reveal exactly the contours of the
4.05 Linoleum Sheet under flooring surface);
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring - in many areas where water may be constantly
5.02 Plank Flooring splashed on the floor, e.g. shower rooms and toilet
rooms; and
6. CEILING FINISHES - in areas where grease can accumulate unless
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile greaseproof asphalt tile is used.
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.02 VINYL TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Vinyl resilient flooring materials are divided into three
1.06 Exposed Aggr
major types:
1.08 Steel Trowelled a. solid vinyl
1.09 Integral Colored- b. vinyl and asbestos combined
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH c. a thin vinyl layer applied to other types of resilient
2.01 Granolithic flooring materials .
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile Tiles:
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN Vinyl tiles (all vinyl) are made into the ff thicknesses:
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet - 1.5mm
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet - 2.0mm
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
- 2.5mm and
5.01 StripFlooring - 3mm
5.02 Plank Flooring
in squares 300mm x 300mm
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board Sheet:
6.02 Acoustic Tile in rolls 2.0mm and 2.5mm thick x 1.80m (6) wide and
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin in 50m lengths. The thicker sheet is used in areas
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
where heavy traffic will be encountered.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.02 VINYL TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Vinyl flooring is recommended where a colorful,
1.06 Exposed Aggr
textured, tough, durable, easily maintained, grease-
1.08 Steel Trowelled resistant type of finish flooring is required for areas of
1.09 Integral Colored- both light and heavy human traffic.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic It may be used for above-grade, on-grade and below-
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
grade floors.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
Vinyl flooring should not be used:
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet - for exterior floor surfaces
- in areas where specific chemicals that attack vinyl
4.05 Linoleum Sheet are used
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.03 RUBBER TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Tiles:
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Rubber floor tiles are as a rule made of neutral rubber
1.08 Steel Trowelled for greatest resilience.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Sizes, thicknesses, as well as methods of application
2.01 Granolithic and precautions to follow in installation, are much the
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
same as for vinyl floor tiles
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
Sheet:
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet Rubber sheet flooring is manufactured in rolls 3 wide,
in thicknesses of 3/32, 1/8 and 3/16, with 3/32 most
4.05 Linoleum Sheet commonly used in home installations. Rubber sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring flooring is applied according to the general rules given
5.02 Plank Flooring for linoleum.
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.03 RUBBER TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Advantages of rubber flooring are:
1.06 Exposed Aggr
- It is the quietest floor possible with the exception of
1.08 Steel Trowelled thick cork tile;
1.09 Integral Colored- - its color are more brilliant than those of other types.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic Rubber flooring, however, is not as resistant to soap,
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
oil and many household solvents, as vinyl and linoleum
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.04 LINOLEUM TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Linoleum is resilient, waterproof floor covering that
1.06 Exposed Aggr
consists of a backing covered with a relatively thick
1.08 Steel Trowelled layer of wearing surface. This wearing surface is a
1.09 Integral Colored- mixture that contains oxidized linseed oil processed in
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH a special way, combined with wood or cork flour,
2.01 Granolithic various fillers, stone dust, whiting, diatomite), resins
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
binders, driers and inert color pigments.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Linoleum can be divided
1.06 Exposed Aggr
into five classifications:
1.08 Steel Trowelled - plain
1.09 Integral Colored- - marbled
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH - spatter
2.01 Granolithic - straight-line inlaid, &
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
- molded inlaid.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN It is available in three
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet gauges:
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet - service (1/16)
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
- standard (3/32), and
5.01 StripFlooring - heavy (1/8).
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.05 Linoleum Sheet It comes in rolls 2 and 6 wide and up to 30 ft. in
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board length, and in 9x9 tiles for plain and marbled
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Linoleum is recommended in areas:
1.06 Exposed Aggr
- where a resilient, durable, colorful, greaseproof,
1.08 Steel Trowelled waterproof type of flooring is needed;
1.09 Integral Colored- - where there is spillage of water such as baths and
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH toilet rooms;
2.01 Granolithic - where there is spillage of grease, fruit juices, etc.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
such as kitchens, cafeterias; for countertops and
3.01 Cement Tile desk tops where heavy wear, grease and cooking
3.02 Ceramic Tile
spillage occur.
It should not be used:
4.05 Linoleum Sheet - on concrete slabs below grade and subflooring
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring where dampness can penetrate from below;
5.02 Plank Flooring - for exteriors;
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
- where any strong alkalis and acids may be present.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile When specifying linoleum, the latest colors, patterns,
7. PAINT FINISHES and textures should always be checked because many
7.02 Opaque Fin of these are quickly discontinued
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
5. WOOD FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 5.01 STRIP FLOORING
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish This type of flooring consists of
1.06 Exposed Aggr
tongue-and-grooved (T&G)
1.08 Steel Trowelled boards 6 or less in width.
1.09 Integral Colored- Nominal sizes of strips are
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH - 1 x 3, 1 x 4 and 1 x 6;
2.01 Granolithic - net (face) widths are 2-1/4,
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3-1/4, and 5-1/4
3.01 Cement Tile respectively.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
- Net thickness is 7/8.
In laying strip flooring, the strips are started square the
4.04 Linoleum Sheet room against either side wall. The first strip is placed
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring with the grooved edge towards the wall and shall be
5.02 Plank Flooring face-nailed as close to the wall as possible so that the
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
baseboard will conceal the nailing. All succeeding
6. CEILING FINISHES strips are blind-nailed. The strips should be laid in such
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile a manner that joints in successive courses do not
7. PAINT FINISHES come together.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 5.01 STRIP FLOORING
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Strip flooring is often laid over a concrete slab
1.06 Exposed Aggr
subfloor, nailed to 2x3 or 2x4 sleepers or screeds
1.08 Steel Trowelled embedded or anchored to the concrete floor.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH The sleepers should be treated with a suitable wood
2.01 Granolithic preservative.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile The space between the finish floor and the top of the
3.02 Ceramic Tile
concrete slab is filled with cinder concrete or other
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet damp-proof composition fill
4.04 Linoleum Sheet In laying strip flooring, the strips are started square with
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
the room against a wall. The first strip is placed with
5.02 Plank Flooring the grooved edge towards the wall and shall be face-
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor nailed as close to the wall as possible so that the
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES baseboard will conceal the nailing. All succeeding
6.01 Ceiling Board strips are blind-nailed. The strips should be laid in such
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES a manner that joints in successive courses do not
7.02 Opaque Fin
come together.
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 5.02 PLANK FLOORING
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish This type of flooring consists of square-edged boards
1.06 Exposed Aggr
8 or more in width as are commonly found in old
1.08 Steel Trowelled Spanish- period houses.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Plank flooring is usually faced-nailed.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 5.03 PARQUET TILE FLOORING
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr Also called block flooring, consists of square pieces or
1.07 Wood Float Finish blocks which have been built up in several layers like
1.09 Integral Colored- plywood and having a veneered surface, or consists of
Cement Finish several parquet strips assembled at the factory to form
2.01 Granolithic a tile.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES This type of flooring may also be nailed to a wood
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile subfloor or set in mastic to a concrete subfloor.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Tiles are 3/8 or 5/15 in thickness,
1.06 Exposed Aggr
in squares of 9-5/8 x 9-5/8, 14-1/2 x 14-1/2, 19-1/4
1.08 Steel Trowelled x 19-1/4 and 24 x 24.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH For wooden subfloors, lumber must be properly kiln-
2.01 Granolithic dried (or use 12mm or 19mm plywood). An 11mm
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
depression below the finish floor level is necessary for
3.01 Cement Tile 10mm thick parquet tile flooring.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.05 Linoleum Sheet
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Concrete subfloors must be level and flat.
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.08 Steel Trowelled Freshly poured concrete should be allowed to cure for
1.09 Integral Colored- at least two weeks before laying parquet.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic Slab construction must be such that it will stay dry.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile For concrete subfloors directly over fill, the base of the
3.02 Ceramic Tile
surrounding slab should be above ground level and/or
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet finish grade. It is desirable that the slab be constructed
with a vapor-moisture barrier (see PLASTICS).
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN Asphalt-type underlayment, felt paper, should not be
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring used.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
6. CEILING FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 6.01 CEILING BOARD
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish These are shiplapped boards with a bead running
1.06 Exposed Aggr
along the center of the board and along the joint,
1.08 Steel Trowelled hence it is often referred as beaded ceiling board
1.09 Integral Colored- (B.C.B.) Thickness are 3/8 and in. Widths of boards
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH are 4 and 6 in.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
6. CEILING FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 6.02 ACOUSTIC TILE
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Acoustic tile is used for ceiling and wall finishes in
1.06 Exposed Aggr
rooms where it is required to control sound by
1.08 Steel Trowelled absorption.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
6. CEILING FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 6.02 ACOUSTIC TILE
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish There are several types of acoustic tile:
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.08 Steel Trowelled a. Cellulose fiber tile.
1.09 Integral Colored- These are made from compressed sugar cane or
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH wood fibers with perforations on the surface of the
2.01 Granolithic tile.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile b. Mineral wool tile.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
Felted rock wool with a fissured surface. Mineral
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet wool tile has limited acoustic values, is flame
retardant but will not withstand rough usage and
4.04 Linoleum Sheet cannot be painted. It is available in , 5/8, 2/4, 7/8
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN and 1 in. thickness. Sizes are 12x12, 12x24 and
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring 24x24.
6. CEILING FINISHES c. Glass fiber tile.
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile These are made of glass fibers held together by
7. PAINT FINISHES binder. Thickness is 1-1/4. Sizes are 23-3/4 x 23-
7.02 Opaque Fin 3/4 or 47-3/4.
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.01 TRANSPARENT FINISHES
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Wood Stains
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Oil Wood Stains
1.08 Steel Trowelled Pigments are derived from various
Cement Finish
earth clays. After they are dissolved
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH in linseed oil, the coloring particles
2.01 Granolithic
remain suspended between the oil
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES molecules. For spreading the color
3.01 Cement Tile particles over large surfaces, the
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN ground oil color is thinned with
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet turpentine .
4.04 Linoleum Sheet Water Stains
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
These are made from anilyne dyes
5.02 Plank Flooring and mineral extracts which have
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor been dissolved in hot water .
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile Spirit or Alcohol Stain
7. PAINT FINISHES
These are mixed with alcohol-
7.02 Opaque Fin solution anilyne powders and
7.03 Paint Defects
warmed alcohol.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Wood Stains
1.06 Exposed Aggr
The method of applying wood stains:
1.08 Steel Trowelled 1. Clean wood surface by planing, scraping and
Cement Finish
sanding.
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH 2. If water stain is to be used, sponge wood with damp
2.01 Granolithic
rag and allow to dry.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES 3. Resand with finer grit paper.
3.01 Cement Tile 4. Fill holes, dents, cracks, etc. with crack filler colored
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN to match stains. When dry, sand smooth.
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet 5. Dust and clean with benzene rags.
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet 6. Apply stain, using brush or sponge with grain.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet 7. Apply shellac wash coat 6 parts alcohol to 1 part
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
shellac.
5.02 Plank Flooring 8. Scuff surfaces lightly with fine sandpaper by hand.
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor 9. Apply paste filler and wash off in 10 minutes.
6. CEILING FINISHES 10. Sand, dust and clean.
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile 11. Apply shellac wash coat.
7. PAINT FINISHES
12. Sand, dust and clean.
7.02 Opaque Fin 13. Select any of the ff. finishes: a.) shellac and wax, b)
7.03 Paint Defects
varnish, c.) lacquer
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
b. Wood Fillers
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Paste Fillers.
1.08 Steel Trowelled Composed of silex (stone dust), japan-drier, linseed
Cement Finish
oil, turpentine, and sometimes colors ground in oil
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Filler is applied with the grain and allowed to dry
2.01 Granolithic
flat for about 10 minutes. It is then wiped off across
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES the grain with burlap or some other coarse material.
3.01 Cement Tile Paste fillers requires about 24 hours for drying
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN before it can be sanded.
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet Crack Fillers.
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet Plastic wood putty, stick shellac, etc. They are used
4.04 Linoleum Sheet for filling nails holes, cracks and dents.
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
b. Shellac
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Shellac is made by refining seed lac and its natural
1.08 Steel Trowelled color is orange; white shellac is obtained by bleaching.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Lac is a resin exuded by certain insects in India in the
2.01 Granolithic
twigs of trees. These twigs with the resin attached are
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES called sticklac and are crushed and washed to produce
3.01 Cement Tile seed lac.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
Shellac is an under or a
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet preparatory coat for varnish
and wax finishes, but is not
4.04 Linoleum Sheet satisfactory as an indepen-
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN dent finish because it is not
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring durable and turns white from
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor contact with water. It is also
6. CEILING FINISHES used to cover wood knots
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
before a priming lead and oil
7. PAINT FINISHES coat is applied because it kills
7.02 Opaque Fin the resin in the knot and
7.03 Paint Defects prevents discoloration.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
c. Varnish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
It is a resolution of resin in drying oil (oil varnish) or in a
1.08 Steel Trowelled voltatile solvent such as alcohol or turpentine (spirit
Cement Finish
varnish). It contains no pigment and hardens into a
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH smooth, hard and glossy coat by the oxidation of the oil
2.01 Granolithic
or by the evaporation of the alcohol.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile The chief resins used in varnishes are
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN - copal of African fossil gums;
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet - dammar or resins from Singapore and the East
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet Indies;
4.04 Linoleum Sheet - the residue left under the extraction of turpentine
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
from pine resins, and rosin esters, obtained by treating
5.02 Plank Flooring resin with glycerine to make it waterproof when dry.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
c. Varnish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
In general, oil varnishes are more durable than spirit
1.08 Steel Trowelled varnishes. Spirit varnishes are either dammar varnish,
Cement Finish
mad by treating dammar resins with turpentine, or
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH shellac varnish, made by dissolving white or orange
2.01 Granolithic
shellac in grain alcohol. They dry by the evaporation of
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES the solvent.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
Drying time is from
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet 4 to 24 hours.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet Varnish should
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN never be applied
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring when the weather
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor is moist or humid.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
d. Lacquer
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Lacquer is made synthetically, and is closely
1.08 Steel Trowelled related to rayon or nylon fabrics. It requires a
Cement Finish
special thinner sold by each manufacturer for his
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH own brand.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES Average drying time is 1-1/2 hours. For fine lacquer
3.01 Cement Tile finishes, a special undercoat of lacquer sealer is
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN applied over a wash coat of shellac.
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet After the sealer has dried, it is sanded or steel-
4.04 Linoleum Sheet wooled to give the lacquer a gripping surface
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.02 OPAQUE FINISHES
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Paint is a mixture containing a pigment and a
1.08 Steel Trowelled vehicle.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH The pigment is that solid, finely ground portion
2.01 Granolithic
which gives to paint the power to obscure, hide or
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES color the surface.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN The vehicle is the fluid portion of the paint. It
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet carries the particles of the pigment in suspension
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet and by the oxidation deposits and hardening binds
4.04 Linoleum Sheet them to painted surface or by evaporation deposits
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
them thereon.
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish PIGMENTS:
Cement Finish may be divided into white and colored pigments.
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH The white pigments can, in turn, be divided further
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
into hiding or active pigments and extender
3. TILE FINISHES pigments.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN Hiding or active pigments
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet are those which when mixed with the drying oil,
produces an opaque finishing material.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet The most widely used active pigment is white lead
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN which, when used alone withlinseed oil, will produce
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
an excellent durable paint.
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor Other active white pigments include:
6. CEILING FINISHES - zinc oxide
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
- lithopone
7. PAINT FINISHES - titanium dioxide.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Extender pigments:
1.09 Integral Colored- are inert pigments which when mixed with the drying
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH oils possess very little hiding power.
2.01 Granolithic
They are often referred to as fillers, extenders or
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES suspenders. They serve to prevent the primary
3.01 Cement Tile pigment from settling in a hard mass at the bottom of
3.02 Ceramic Tile
the paint can.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet The extender pigments include:
4.04 Linoleum Sheet - calcium carbonate
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN - silica and
5.01 StripFlooring - mica.
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Extender pigments:
1.09 Integral Colored- All paints other than white paints also contain color
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH pigments in addition to white pigments.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo A good exterior paint should contain not less than
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile 65% pigment by weight.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN High quality exterior paints contain not more than
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet 10% of extender pigments
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish VEHICLE:
Cement Finish
The vehicle or liquid portion of the paint consists of:
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH - a binder which forms the film
2.01 Granolithic
- the drier to speed up formulation of the film and
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES - the thinner or the volatile solvent .
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile The volatile solvent facilitates application and
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet contributes, through its evaporation, to the drying of
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet the paint, but is not a permanent part of the film.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
The type of solvent used in a paint determines
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring whether it is a
5.02 Plank Flooring - water-base paint (where the solvent is water) or
- oil-base paint (where the solvent is an
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board organic liquid).
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin The vehicle of a paint should not contain more than
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
35% of the paints volume by weight .
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish The principal paint for exterior wood surfaces is oil
paint, which contains white lead as the white paint
Cement Finish pigment, color pigments and extenders in a vehicle
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH consisting of a drying oil, usually linseed oil, dryers,
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo and turpentine as the solvent or thinner.
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile Other drying oils used are
3.02 Ceramic Tile
- tung or china oil,
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet - soybean and
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet - fish oils.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN Driers are added to the vehicle of paints containing
5.01 StripFlooring drying oils to accelerate the hardening of paint by
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor speeding the union of the oil with oxygen from the air.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board A good paints vehicle will contain 85 to 95% drying oil
6.02 Acoustic Tile and the rest thinners and driers.
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Driers:
1.09 Integral Colored- may be classified into two types:
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH - oil driers, used in powdered or crystalline form
2.01 Granolithic
such as litharge (monoxide of lead),
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES manganese dioxide, borate; and
3.01 Cement Tile - liquid driers, inorganic compounds of lead,
3.02 Ceramic Tile
manganese and cobalt, which are dissolved in
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet turpentine or benzene and which mix readily
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet with the oil at ordinary temperatures.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Thinners
1.09 Integral Colored- act as a solvent both for the materials of the paint and
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH for the resin in the wood surface thereby providing
2.01 Granolithic
greater penetration and anchorage in the wood pores.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES It improves the brushing and spreading qualities of the
3.01 Cement Tile paint and also hastens its drying by absorbing oxygen
3.02 Ceramic Tile
from the air and transferring it to the drying oil. The
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet best thinner is turpentine, a spirit obtained by steam
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet distillation of the resin or gum which exudes from pine
4.04 Linoleum Sheet trees. (The residue of the distillation is known as rosin,
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN used in the making of varnish.) Other thinners include
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring mineral spirits (petroleum distillation products) benzol,
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor solvent naptha.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Thinners
Cement Finish Turpentine is also added to the first or priming coat to
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH assist the penetration of the paint and in much smaller
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo quantities to the outer coats especially for exterior
3. TILE FINISHES work.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile Because it dries without a gloss, it is mixed with the
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN final coats for interior finishes when a flat or dull finish
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet is required.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Alkyd-resin or oil-resin emulsion paints
Cement Finish where oil and resin emulsified in water makes a
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH heterogeneous finishing material by an emulsifying
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo agent such as casein.
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile A great advantage of oil resin paint is that its
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN viscosity can be easily reduced by the addition of
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet water. Water is added as a thinner for the same
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet reason that turpentine or mineral spirits is added to
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
oil paints.
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring Other advantages of oil-resin emulsion paints are
that it dries quickly (two coats can be applied the
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board same day); it is easy to apply; it is easy to recoat
6.02 Acoustic Tile with itself or other paint, and it has little tendency to
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin fade.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Synthetic latex (rubber-base) paints
Cement Finish is made from synthetic latex which acts as the pigment
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH binder and the film-forming material for the paint.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES A careful balance of synthetic latex and alkyds resins
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile gives a solution that can thinned with water for
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN application as a continuous film with excellent adhesion
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet and wash ability.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
Synthetic latex paints have little tendency to turn yellow
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring because, unlike oil paints, they absorb very little
5.02 Plank Flooring oxygen from the air.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board Latex paint is the preferred paint for the plaster,
6.02 Acoustic Tile cement, concrete and masonry
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Portland cement-base paints
1.09 Integral Colored- a water-base paint (where the solvent is water) used
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH for painting concrete and masonry surfaces
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES Enamel paints
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile paints which use varnish as a vehicle. They have the
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet ability of levelling brush marks, are more resistant to
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet washing and rough usage, and have a harder and
4.04 Linoleum Sheet tougher film. They can have either a glossy, semi
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN glossy or matt finish.
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor Rust-inhibiting paints
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board protective paints for ferrous metal and are of two types:
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES - priming paint, e.g. red lead, litharge, lead chromate;
7.02 Opaque Fin
- finish paints, e.g., lead sulfate and zinc dust.
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Well-formulated paint, skillfully applied over a properly
1.06 Exposed Aggr
prepared surface wears by gradual chalking and
1.08 Steel Trowelled maintains a smooth, tough and durable film that
1.09 Integral Colored- constitutes a satisfactory surface for repainting.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic Such a paint film will remain an effective protective
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
coating for a period of three to five years depending
3.01 Cement Tile upon the locality and the characteristics of the original
3.02 Ceramic Tile
surface. It requires little treatment beyond surface
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet dusting in preparation for repainting.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet Defective paint behavior and surface failures, on the
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN other hand, are traceable to three main causes:
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring 1. Improper paint formulation.
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor 2. Inadequate surface preparation and careless
6. CEILING FINISHES application.
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile 3. Faulty construction or building materials
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr Film defects may result from one or any combination
1.07 Wood Float Finish of these. The following are the various paint defects,
1.09 Integral Colored- their causes, prevention
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH a. Excessive or premature chalking
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo evidenced by surface
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile dusting and rapid
3.02 Ceramic Tile thinning of the film,
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet sometimes to bare
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet wood.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
caused by improper
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring formulation or paint
5.02 Plank Flooring application.
6. CEILING FINISHES too high a percentage
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile of volatile thinner forms
7. PAINT FINISHES a porous film subject
7.02 Opaque Fin has completely worn
7.03 Paint Defects away.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish a. Excessive or premature chalking
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish too high a percentage of volatile thinner forms a
1.09 Integral Colored- porous film subject has completely worn away.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin May be prevented by strict adherence to high
7.03 Paint Defects standards of paint formulation and application.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish b. Sagging and running
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish marked by irregular wavy lines that texture an
1.09 Integral Colored- otherwise smooth finish film.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic cause is usually paint formulation with too low a
2.02 Terrazo pigment volume, or too heavy and careless an
3. TILE FINISHES application of a thin-consistency paint. It occurs
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile sometimes when repainting an interior if an
original gloss surface has not been cut by light
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet sanding.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
Cure of condition necessitates sanding the
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring irregularities and repainting. Prevention involves
5.02 Plank Flooring
maintaining proper proportions of pigment and
linseed oil as to formulation and careful brushing
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board of properly thinned paint as to application
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish c. Storm spotting
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish usually occurring after
1.09 Integral Colored- continuous rains and
Cement Finish electric storms, are
2.01 Granolithic characterized by
2.02 Terrazo unsightly and irregular
3. TILE FINISHES color changes.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
Rain sometimes absorbs
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet nitrates and peroxides
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet formed by electrical
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
discharges and
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring penetrates the paint film,
5.02 Plank Flooring
changing the refractive
index of the coating.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile Cure of condition can sometimes be
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin accomplished by rubbing spots with alcohol.
7.02 Opaque Fin Subsequent weathering usually restores the
7.03 Paint Defects
original color within a month or two.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish d. Washing
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish is characterized by streaking on the surface,
1.09 Integral Colored- fading color, the final exposure of the original
Cement Finish surface and accumulation of pigment particles
2.01 Granolithic below the painted area.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
caused by water-soluble compounds in
3.02 Ceramic Tile pigments of poor paints or soluble compounds
which develop by chemical reactions in the paint
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet are dissolved during rain storms and wash out of
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet the film.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring also when paints are applied during periods of
5.02 Plank Flooring
high humidity and low temperatures, the film
structure may be injured during the drying
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board period.
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish e. Stains
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish are surface discolorations which often disappear
1.09 Integral Colored- gradually as the paint film wears. Sometimes,
Cement Finish however, they go through the film necessitating
2.01 Granolithic its removal and subsequent repainting.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
Metal stains are sometimes caused by water
3.02 Ceramic Tile dripping from exposed metal.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet Prevention involves coating metal. Galvanized
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet iron should be painted with metallic zinc dust in
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
spar varnish or paint containing zinc oxide.
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish e. Stains
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Mildew stains are caused by air-borne fungi that
1.09 Integral Colored- feed on oil and multiply rapidly. They cannot be
Cement Finish easily removed. Old growth should be removed
2.01 Granolithic before repainting by washing with 1 lb. of tri-
2.02 Terrazo sodium phosphate or sodium carbonate in 1
3. TILE FINISHES gallon of water.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
For prevention, the paint can be treated with
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet about 1/4 oz. of mercuric chloride per gallon.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish f. Checking
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish characterized by minute cracks on the surface of
1.09 Integral Colored- elastic paint films. Usually it is not a serious film
Cement Finish defect, for checks do not extend through the film.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo cause is improper application or improper
3. TILE FINISHES formulation of undercoats. The finish film is applied
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile over a body coat not quite enough for a proper
foundation. Unequal tensions occur in drying and
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet small surface checks result.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
cure of condition involves wire brushing affected
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring areas and repainting if checking does not disappear
5.02 Plank Flooring
under influence of normal wear.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board prevention involves allowance of sufficient drying
6.02 Acoustic Tile
time between coats and formulation of the body coat
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin with a minimum amount of oil in order to develop a
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects hard foundation for finish
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish g. Alligatoring
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish an advance state of checking, varying in degree to
1.09 Integral Colored- a coarse texturing of the finish film.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic cause involves application of a harder drying finish
2.02 Terrazo over soft or slow-drying under-coats. As in
3. TILE FINISHES checking, poor formulation with too much linseed
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile oil in the priming or body coat may result in
alligatoring.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
cure of condition, if extensive, requires removal of
the film and repainting.
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
prevention necessitates precautions noted above
to prevent checking
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish h. Cracking and scaling
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish characterized by irregular cracks that
1.09 Integral Colored- subsequently curl at the edge, flake and finally
Cement Finish scale off. Over wood, scaling is usually most
2.01 Granolithic marked in direction of or across the grain.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
cracking is a wear characteristic of hard-drying
3.02 Ceramic Tile paints that contain large proportions of zinc oxide
pigment.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
scaling comes from the water pressure when
moisture seeps through the crack to the original
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring surface. The condition is common to any surface
5.02 Plank Flooring
coated with paint improperly formulated to
withstand local conditions.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish h. Cracking and scaling
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish cure of condition at an early stage requires
1.09 Integral Colored- vigorous brushing and recoating with a less brittle
Cement Finish film.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo prevention involves formulation to produce a
3. TILE FINISHES tougher, more elastic film. Usually this means an
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile increased percentage of white lead.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish i. Blistering and Peeling
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish characterized by swelling of the entire film which is
1.09 Integral Colored- usually followed by a break in the film and
Cement Finish subsequent peeling.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo cause is water pressure from behind the film due
3. TILE FINISHES to faulty construction that allows moisture seepage
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile or abnormal condensation. This is a mechanical
damage that may occur whatever the type or
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet quality of paint used.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet sometimes also results
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
also when damp surfaces
5.02 Plank Flooring are covered by quick-
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor drying paints.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile This type of damage may
7. PAINT FINISHES
be evident on wood,
7.02 Opaque Fin stucco or masonry
7.03 Paint Defects
surfaces .
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish i. Blistering and Peeling
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish cure of condition requires complete removal of the
1.09 Integral Colored- paint and repainting as for new work.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic prevention necessitates permanent removal of the
2.02 Terrazo moisture sources, often involving extensive repairs
3. TILE FINISHES and waterproofing.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish j. Spot fading
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish characterized by color changes and flatting of gloss
1.09 Integral Colored- in irregular patches on the film.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic cause is from uneven oil absorption, usually a result
2.02 Terrazo of insufficient coats or a priming coat improperly
3. TILE FINISHES formulated to penetrate and adequately seal surface
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile pores. It may be emphasized when skimping is
attempted, that is, application of two coats when
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet three are needed, or the use of a cheaply formulated
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet paint.
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring cure of condition is repainting.
5.02 Plank Flooring
prevention requires merely the exercise of proper
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board painting technique.
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish k. Wrinkling
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish not to be confused with alligatoring, is marked by a
1.09 Integral Colored- tough, leather-like texturing.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic cause is usually when paint is put on too thickly and
2.02 Terrazo not well brushed out and may be contributed to by
3. TILE FINISHES formulation if too high a proportion of oil is used in
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile finish coats.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet cure of condition requires only sanding and
4.03 Rubber Tile/Sheet repainting if texture is slight. Otherwise, film removal
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
is indicated with subsequent painting as for new
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring work .
5.02 Plank Flooring
prevention requires strict adherence to high
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board standards of paint formulation and thorough brushing
6.02 Acoustic Tile
out in application
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile End of
3.02 Ceramic Tile Div 09 FINISHES
4.04 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects

09 Finishes

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09 Finishes

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6. CEILING FINISHES Tooling cannot ordinarily be performed satisfactorily on

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