Dr. Novia ST., MT.

NIP. 19731105 200003 2003

Energy Forms
Internal Energy (U) Per Unit mass (u)
A measure of hotness plus the ability ta cause heat-
releasing chemical reactions
Kinetic Energy (KE) Per Unit mass (ke)
The energy that a moving body posseses because of its
motion
Potential Energy (PE) Per Unit mass (pe)
The energy which the body possesses by being some
distance above bottom in a gravity field
Electrostatic Energy, Magnetic Energy, Surface Energy,
Nuclear Energy
Energy Transfer & Energy Balance
How can the energy be transferred from one body to
another?
Placing (Contacting) two bodies at different
temperatures in contact with each other.

Energy Balance:
Accumulation = Energy Flow in Energy Flow Out
Flow into system

Volume Changing
Piston
Heating or Cooling Jacket

Flow out of system

Rotating Shaft
Insulation

Accumulation = Energy Flow in Energy Flow Out

 Accumulation:

Energy enter and exit system in three ways:

- Coming in and flowing out through the pipe
The inlet pipe
The outlet pipe

- Flowing in or out via heat through the heating or

cooling jacket dQ
- Via mechanical work of various form dW
Energy Balance
Overall Energy Balance in The System
Potential Energy
Somebody lift 1 kg steel ball slowly by a distance of dz.
The ball was insulated, so during the lifting process,
no heat is transferred to or from the surrounding
dQ = 0
No matter flows into or out of the system
dmin = dmout = 0

Energy Balance:
 The final temperature is similar to the initial
temperature dusystem = 0
The final and initial velocities are similar
d(ke) system = 0
dW = F dz

Energy Equation:
Kinetic Energy
1 kg steel ball is throwed horizontally
The ball was insulated, so during the lifting process,
no heat is transferred to or from the surrounding
dQ = 0
No matter flows into or out of the system
dmin = dmout = 0
The final temperature is similar to the initial
temperature dusystem = 0
No change in elevation during the throwing
d(gz) system = 0
 Energy Balance
 Internal Energy
Flow into system

Volume Changing
Piston
Heating or Cooling Jacket

Flow out of system

Rotating Shaft
Insulation

- Closing the valves in the inlet and outlet pipes.

dmin = dmout = 0
- Stopping the rotating shaft dW = 0
- No changing in elevation and velocity during the process
d(gz) system = d(v2/2)system = 0
Energy equation:

The increasing of internal energy is due to:

Increasing of the substance temperature
Consuming of the substance energy because of the
chemical reaction
Changing of the substance phase
Changing of crystal-structure of the substance
Combination of four items above
Work Term
dW = F dx = PA dx = - P dV
The minus sign appears because the volume of the
tank decreases as work is done on the system
 Injection Work
Flow into system

Volume Changing
Piston
Heating or Cooling Jacket

Flow out of system

Rotating Shaft
Insulation

Suppose we have the above system, there is a mass

dmin from the inlet line; nothing flows out; there is
no heat transefer; there is no work due to moving
the volume-changing piston aor turning shaft.
What will be the energy balance for this operation?
Injection Work
STEP 1
The mass dm flow in and move the piston out.
No net work is done on system Compression
No work done on system work, P dV = 0
Energy Balance:
 STEP 2
To get the final state, Move the piston back to its
original position. Volume of the fluid that moved in
v in dm in
So: dW = P. v in dm in .
Energy Balance:
Energy Balance for entire injection process
Enthalpy
U + PV = h
TUGAS
Kerjakan soal : 4.2; 4.5; 4.8; 4.10; 4.21