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Shot a rifle?
Played darts?
Played basketball?
Shot a round of golf?
Jake
average)
Observations Deviations
10 10 - 8.4 = 1.6
9 9 8.4 = 0.6
8 8 8.4 = -0.4
Jake
8 8 8.4 = -0.4
7 7 8.4 = -1.4
averages 8.4 0.0
Variability
Deviation = distance between
observations and the mean (or Emmett
average)
Observations Deviations
7
7 7 6.6 = 0.4 6
7 7 6.6 = 0.4 7
7 7 6.6 = 0.4 7
6 Jake
6 6 6.6 = -0.6
6 6 6.6 = -0.6
averages 6.6 0.0
Variability 8
7
10
8
Variance = average distance 9
mean squared
Observations Deviations Squared Deviations
10 10 - 8.4 = 1.6 2.56
9 9 8.4 = 0.6 0.36
8 8 8.4 = -0.4 0.16
Jake
8 8 8.4 = -0.4 0.16
7 7 8.4 = -1.4 1.96
averages 8.4 0.0 1.0 Variance
Variability
Variance = average distance
between observations and the Emmett
mean squared
Observations Deviations Squared Deviations
7
7 6
7 7
7 7
6 Jake
6
6
averages
Variability
Variance = average distance
between observations and the Emmett
mean squared
Observations Deviations Squared Deviations
7
7 7 - 6.6 = 0.4 0.16 6
7 7 - 6.6 = 0.4 0.16 7
7 7 - 6.6 = 0.4 0.16 7
6 Jake
6 6 6.6 = -0.6 0.36
6 6 6.6 = -0.6 0.36
averages 6.6 0.0 0.24 Variance
Variability
Standard deviation = square root
of variance Emmett
Variance Standard
Deviation
Emmett 1.0 1.0
Jake 0.24 0.4898979 Jake
0.2
Probability
0.15 1 die
0.1 2 dice
0.05 3 dice
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Sum of dots
Normal bell shaped curve
Control limits
Specification limits
Distribution of individuals
Process limits
Usual v. Unusual,
Acceptable v. Defective
A B C D E
Target
More about limits
Good quality:
defects are
rare (Cpk>1)
target
Poor quality:
defects are
common (Cpk<1)
target
14 20 26
15 24
= =
3 = (UPL x, or x LPL)
Going out of control
When an observation is unusual, what can
we conclude?
The mean
has changed
1 2
Going out of control
When an observation is unusual, what can
we conclude?
X
Setting up control charts:
Calculating the limits
1. Sample n items (often 4 or 5)
2. Find the mean of the sample x (x-bar)
3. Find the range of the sample R
4. Plot x on the x chart
5. Plot the R on an R chart
6. Repeat steps 1-5 thirty times
7. Average the x s to create x (x-bar-bar)
8. Average the Rs to create R (R-bar)
Setting up control charts:
Calculating the limits
9. Find A2 on table (A2 times R estimates 3)
10. Use formula to find limits for x-bar chart:
X A2 R
UCL
Centerline
LCL
Lets try a small problem
14.0000
12.0000 11.6361
10.0000
8.0000 8.0556
6.0000
4.4751
4.0000
2.0000
0.0000
1 2 3 4 5 6
R chart
10
9.0125
8
6
4 3.5
2
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Interpreting charts
Observations outside control limits indicate
the process is probably out-of-control
Significant patterns in the observations
indicate the process is probably out-of-
control
Random causes will on rare occasions
indicate the process is probably out-of-
control when it actually is not
Interpreting charts
In the excel spreadsheet, look for these
shifts:
A B
C D