Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Daniel Kirschen
1
Economic Dispatch: Problem Definition
Given load
Given set of units on-line
How much should each unit generate to meet this
load at minimum cost?
L
A B C
Load
Unit 3
Unit 2
Unit 1
Time
0 6 12 18 24
u(i,t)x(i,t) = L(t)
i=1
u(i,t)Pi
max
L(t) + R(t)
i=1
i + i
tiOFF
2011 Daniel Kirschen and the University of Washington 25
Start-up Costs
Need to balance start-up costs and running costs
Example:
Diesel generator: low start-up cost, high running cost
Coal plant: high start-up cost, low running cost
Issues:
How long should a unit run to recover its start-up cost?
Start-up one more large unit or a diesel generator to cover
the peak?
Shutdown one more unit at night or run several units part-
loaded?
u(i,t) {0,1}"i,t
{ }
x(i,t) 0, Pi min ; Pi max "i,t
Discrete variables
There is no gradient
Can only take a finite number of values
Problem is not convex
Must try combinations of discrete values
111 Examples
110 3 units: 8 possible states
101 N units: 2N possible states
100
011
010
001
000
T= 1 2 3 4 5 6
T= 1 2 3 4 5 6
(2 ) = (2 )
N T 5 24
= 6.2 10 combinations
35
Need to be smart
Try only a small subset of all combinations
Cant guarantee optimality of the solution
Try to get as close as possible within a reasonable
amount of time
38
Unit Data
C 10 50 1 1 0 20 100 OFF
0 1 1
0 1 1
TD TU
A 3 3
B 1 2
C 1 1
2011 Daniel Kirschen and the University of Washington 43
Infeasible transitions: Minimum up time of unit B
1 2 3
A B C
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 0 0 Initial State
0 1 1
TD TU
A 3 3
B 1 2
C 1 1
2011 Daniel Kirschen and the University of Washington 44
Feasible transitions
1 2 3
A B C
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 0 0 Initial State
0 1 1
1 1 1 4
1 1 0 3 7
1 0 1
2 6
1 0 0 1
5
1 1 1 4
$3200
1 1 0 3 7
$3100 $2100
1 0 1 2 6
$3500 $2100
1 0 0 1 5
$1500 $2000
1 1 1 4
$3200
$0
1 1 0 $700 3 $0 7
$3100 $600 $2100
$600
1 0 1 2 $0 6
$3500 $2100
$100
$0
1 0 0 $0 1 5
$1500 $2000
Unit Start-up cost
A 1000
B 600
C 100
2011 Daniel Kirschen and the University of Washington 49
Accumulated costs
$5400
1 1 1 4
$3200
$0
$5200 $7300
1 1 0 $700 3 $0 7
$3100 $600 $2100
$600 $5100 $7200
1 0 1 2 $0 6
$3500 $2100
$100
$0
$1500 $7100
1 0 0 $0 1 5
$1500 $2000
1 1 1 4
$7300
1 1 0 3 7
$7200
1 0 1 2 6
$7100
1 0 0 1 5
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1 2
$7100
1 0 0 1 5