Materi Pelatihan

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Course Timor Leste

ITB, Bandung, Indonesia, 1 5 Desember 2014

part 01
Compiled and developed by
Saptomo H Mertotaroeno, Ir, M.Sc.
saptomo@gd.itb.ac.id

KK Inderaja dan Sains Informasi Geografis

Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
Institut Teknologi Bandung
 Pendahuluan part 01

Akuisisi Data Citra & Geometri Foto Udara

Informasi Metrik dan Semantik
Pengolahan Data Berbasis Model part 02

Pengolahan Data Berbasis Berkas

References
 Konsep Dasar Pemetaan secara Fotogrametri
The Fundamental Task of Photogrammetry
Analog Photogrammetry
Analytical Photogrammetry
Digital Photogrammetry

PENDAHULUAN

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Pemotretan Udara Sertifikat Survei titik
(+ Airborne GPS) Kalibrasi kontrol tanah
Kamera

Foto Udara Koord. Titik

(+ GPS Data) Kontrol Tanah

Triangulasi
Udara
Interpretasi
Foto
Georeferensi
Mengacu pada :
Foto - Perencanaan Proyek
- Kontrol Kualitas (QC)
Ektraksi Data - Jaminan Kualitas (QA)
Spasial

Produk
Fotogrametri
The Fundamental Task of Photogrammetry (1)
(Camera) Photo(s) Ground and/
calibration and/or or Aerial
data Image(s) Control

Photogrammetric Orientation/Restitution (Images Georeferencing)

1. Determination of the orientation/transformation parameters,
2. Transformation of the image coordinates into ground coordinates.

Spatial Data Collection/Acquisition/Extraction

(derive information about the object strictly from its imagery)

Photogrammetric
products

The keywords for photogrammetric restitution is similarity

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The Fundamental Task of Photogrammetry (2)
The fundamental task of photogrammetry is to rigorously es-
tablished the geometric relationship between the image and
the object as it existed at the time of the imaging event.
Photogrammetric Orientation/Restitution, Images Georeferencing.
Once this relationship is correctly recovered, one can then de-
rive information about the object strictly from its imagery.
Spatial Data Collection/Acquisition/Extraction.
This relationship can be established by various means, which
can be broadly classified into three categories :
analog (hardcopy image; using optical, mechanical, and electronic
components for data processing),
analytical (hardcopy image; where the modeling is mathematical and
the processing is digital), or
digital (softcopy image; analytical plus digital image processing).

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 Analog Photogrammetry Environment
Input : hardcopy image
Analog instrument (consist of optical & mechanical parts) as
data acquisition, and data processing tools
Analog Inner, Relative, and Absolute Orientation
Analog Stereoplotting, Rectification, and Orthophotography
Analog Aerotriangulation, etc.
Typical instruments : points transfer device, comparator, ste-
reo-plotter, rectifier, orthophoto device
Highly operator dependence
No or less software
Output : hardcopy products, analytical/vector products
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Analog Photogrammetric Instruments System
Film Camera Contact
Printer

Mechanical Stereoplotter

Rectifier Orthophoto Device

Points Transfer Device

Stereo-Comparator

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 Analytical Photogrammetry (1)
Analytical photogrammetry (fotogrametri analitis) is a term
used to describe the rigorous mathematical calculation of coor-
dinates of points in object space (X,Y,Z) based upon camera para-
meters (interior & exterior orientation), measured photo coordi-
nates (x,y) and ground control (Xgc ,Ygc ,Zgc).
X = X(camera parameters, photo coordinates, ground control coordinates)
Y = Y(camera parameters, photo coordinates, ground control coordinates)
Z = Z(camera parameters, photo coordinates, ground control coordinates)

Rigorous (eksak / tepat / apa adanya / tanpa pendekatan / se-

mua diperhitungkan / komprehensif)
This process rigorously accounts for
any tilts that exist in the photos, and
any relief that exist in the terrain.
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 Analytical Photogrammetry (2)
Analytical photogrammetry generally involves the solution of
large, complex systems of redundant equations by the method
of least squares.
Analytical photogrammetry forms the basis of many modern
hardware and software systems, including : stereo-plotters
(analytical and softcopy), digital terrain model generation,
orthophoto production, digital photo rectification, and aero-
triangulation.
The coverage here is limited to computations involving single
photos and stereo-pairs.
Aero-triangulation is discussed in separate Chapter.

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 Analytical Photogrammetry Environment
Input : hardcopy image
The analog parts is a stereo-comparator typical instrument
Instrument (analytical plotter) as coordinates data acquisition
tool, the rest of the process done analytically (software based
system)
Collinearity, and Coplanarity Condition
Space Resection, and Space Intersection by Collinearity
Analytical Stereo-model
Analytical Interior, Relative, and Absolute Orientation
Analytical Rectification, Digital Mono Plotting, Self-calibration, etc.
Output : hardcopy and/or softcopy products
Digital Topographic Data Base / DTDB (layered information for GIS)
Profiles
Input data for AeroTriangulation (photo-, model-, or strip-coordinates)

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Analytical Photogrammetric Instruments System
Film Camera

Contact Printer

Analytical Plotter

Tablet Digitizer Digitally Controlled Orthophoto Device

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 Digital Photogrammetry
They operate with digital images.
The projective geometry that is the basis of photogrammetry is
the same whether it is applied to analog or digital images.
The use of images in digital form offers distinct advantages in
processing and automation.
Digital image processing can be used to alter the image in very
precise ways and make it more useful.
If the image is examined by a computer, many of the operations
we think of as requiring a human can be performed automatically.

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 Adaptions of Techniques
from Other Disciplines
The availability of imagery in digital form,
along with the processing increasingly done on digital compu-
ters,
opens up many possibilities for adaptations of techniques from
other disciplines, i.e. :
Digital Imagery
Digital Image Processing
Digital Image Resampling
Digital Image Compression
Digital Image Measurement
Computer Vision
Digital Image Simulation : Computer Graphics
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 Digital Photogrammetry Environment
Input : softcopy/digital image
The analog parts is only the viewing system (software
based system)
Automatic or Semi-automatic Orientation Procedures
Epipolar Geometry
Digital Image Matching
Automatic Aerotriangulation
Automatic Production of Digital Elevation Models
Automatic Production of Digital Orthophoto
Automatic Feature Extraction
Output : softcopy products
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 Digital Photogrammetric Instruments System
Film Camera

Digital Camera

Softcopy
Photogrammetric
Workstation

Photogrammetric
Scanner

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 AKUISISI DATA CITRA DAN
GEOMETRI FOTO UDARA

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 Akuisisi Data Citra (Bidang Citra)
(Proses perekaman obyek fisik)
Geometri
Kamera

Geometri Akuisisi (Lensa Kamera)

Data Citra

(Proyeksi Sentral/
Proyektif/
Perspektif)

Kamera Udara Dijital

(sensor)

18
 Sangat stabil, dan sangat akurat.
Sertifikat kalibrasi kamera.
Unsur orientasi dalam (geometri
kamera)
Jarak fokus f,
Posisi Titik Utama Foto Udara (x0, y0),
Karakteristik distorsi Lensa
19
 Proyeksi Ortogonal (Peta) vs Proyeksi Sentral (Foto)

Peta Foto

+ (Pergeseran karena relief)

Proyeksi Proyeksi
ortogonal sentral

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 Relief Displacement of a Stereo-pair
Efek RD berlawanan arah pada
pasangan stereo, sehingga citra
obyek yang sekawan pada kedua
foto akan berbeda bentuk dan
ukurannya.
Ini merupakan salah satu masa-
lah dalam perakitan mosaik, ter-
utama yang tanpa-kontrol.
Karena itu diperlukan proses fo-
togrametrik untuk mengembali-
kan bentuk dan ukuran ini seper-
ti keadaan sebenarnya di lapang-
an atau di peta.

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 Sumber Penyimpangan
terhadap Model Geometri Foto (1)
Sensor (sistem kamera dan
detektor)
Distorsi lensa
Distorsi film dan emulsi
(analog) / semiconductor
detector (digital)
Ketidak-dataran bidang
negatif / semiconductor
detector
Alam (Refraksi atmosfir)
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Instrumen Pengukur Koord. Citra
Scanner
Coordinate measuring units
(e.g., heads-up digitizing unit
monitor & mouse-)
Sistem Koordinat Proyeksi
Peta (Kelengkungan bumi)
Operator (Kesalahan
acak/random, sistematik, dan
blunder)
22
 Sumber Penyimpangan
Refraksi Atmosfir terhadap Model
Geometri Foto (2)

Kelengkungan
Bumi

(Penyimpangan
terhadap model
fungsional)
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 Sumber Penyimpangan
terhadap
Model Geometri Foto (3)

Distorsi Lensa

(Penyimpangan terhadap model fungsional)

Distorsi Film dan Emulsi

/ Semiconductor Detector
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Imaging Objects
Curvature of the earth
process (e.g., terrain)

Atmosphere Atmospheric refraction

Camera lens Lens distortion

Principal point displacement,

Sensor detector
and Film/CCD deformation

Image(s)

Instrument errors
Measurements (systematic), Image
(digitize) and Operator errors coordinate
(random)
refinement
Measured
image (reduction)
coordinates process
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 Parameter
Orientasi
Luar
Posisi &
Parameter
Orientasi Foto
Udara :
1.Tiga posisi,
2.Tiga rotasi.

26
 Geometric Distortion Caused by
Exterior Orientation Elements (1)
Format foto

Variasi skala akibat

perbedaan tinggi
terbang

Area di lapangan

Perubahan orientasi
foto akibat swing
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 Geometric Distortion Caused by
Exterior Orientation Elements (2)

Distorsi bentuk
akibat pitching

Distorsi bentuk
akibat rolling
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 The Combined Geometric Distortions
z

y Variasi skala

x
z

y Rotasi terhadap Rotasi terhadap

sumbu X,Y,Zdan skala
sumbu Z

x kappa

z
Rotasi terhadap
y sumbu X
Rotasi terhadap
sumbu X,Y& Z

x omega

Rotasi terhadap
y sumbu Y Rotasi terhadap
sumbu X & Y

x phi

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 f
h
L L
b
Overlap
Strip
Sidelap
blok

30
 INFORMASI METRIK DAN
SEMANTIK

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 Informasi pada foto :
1. Informasi Semantik
2. Informasi Metrik
Foto Udara

Sistem Koordinat Foto

Proses yang dilakukan :
1. Proses penafsiran.
2. Proses pengukuran.
Tujuan :
1. Pengenalan dan identifikasi
obyek.
2. Lokasi Relatif dan Posisi Absolut
32
 SHM 2013,TGD ITB

Kedudukan Penafsiran Dalam

Pemetaan Secara Fotogrametrik
33

A. Langsung pada alat plot fotogrametrik

B. Penafsiran terpisah dengan pengeplotan
C. Masih diperlukan pengecekan dan pelengkapan
lapangan

Tahapan Penafsiran Foto Udara

Terdiri dari tiga tahapan, yaitu:
Peninjauan menyeluruh (General Examination)
Pengenalan (Identification)
Klasifikasi (Classification)
 Bobby 2004,TGD ITB

Kunci Penafsiran/Interpretasi
Foto Udara 34

1. Rona, derajat kehitaman (tone) dan warna (color),

2. Ukuran (size),
3. Bentuk (shape),
4. Tinggi (height),
5. Bayangan (shadow),
6. Derajat kehalusan/tekstur (texture),
7. Pola (pattern),
8. Tempat/Situasi/Lokasi (site, situation, location),
9. Keterkaitan (association),.
Lokasi Relatif (bentuk & ukuran, jarak, sudut,
perbedaan tinggi, luas, volume, dll.)
Tidak merujuk pada suatu sistem koordinat yang
bergeoreferensi.
Posisi Absolut (koordinat)
Merujuk pada suatu sistem koordinat yang
bergeoreferensi.
Informasi Topografik (Spasial) :
Informasi semantik + posisi absolut.
Peta, Basis Data Topografik.
35
 y

Photographic
Photographic
Coordinates
Coordinates
Systems
System

Origin at PPA
x // x ; y // y
x = x x0
y = y y0

For Film Camera

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 Pixel vs Image Coordinate System

For Digital Camera

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 Bundle Coordinate System
(Sistem Koordinat Berkas)

When we want to extend the

coordinates of a point from a 2-
D image coordinate to a 3-D
sensor coordinate, it becomes
(x-x0 , y-y0 , -f), or
( x , y , -f)
, with implicit origin at the
perspective center.

Bundle and photographic coordinate

system are the fundamental coordi-
nate system in photogrammetry.
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 Materi Pelatihan
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Course Timor Leste
ITB, Bandung, Indonesia, 1 5 Desember 2014

End of

part 01, to be continued to part 02

Compiled and developed by
Saptomo H Mertotaroeno, Ir, M.Sc.
saptomo@gd.itb.ac.id

KK Inderaja dan Sains Informasi Geografis

Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
Institut Teknologi Bandung