UNIT 8

FRIENDS & STRANGERS

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 To learn and practice the present perfect and the simple past.
To learn and practice adjective suffixes: -ive, -ful, -ous
To learn and practice contrastive stress.

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GRAMMAR
PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE

We use the present perfect when we think the situation has not
ended and the past simple when we think the situation ended.
I have lived in London for a year. She has known him since
school. Has Jason been ill?
o I lived in London for a year. She knew him in school. Was Jason ill?

We use the present perfect with time expressions for a period up to

now (lately, so far). We use the past simple with time expressions
for a period that ended earlier (last night, yesterday).
Have you seen any good films lately? So far the new teacher
hasnt given us any homework.
o Did you see that film last night? I didnt do the homework
yesterday.

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GRAMMAR
PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE

We use the present perfect when we are talking about actions up to the
present which might happen again and the past simple for actions which
we dont think will happen again.
He has written two best sellers and we hope his next book will do well.
He s been on TV; hes famous. He has always had health problems.
o She wrote several books of poetry the last years of her life. She was a
teacher in Zambia. She had three children.

In clauses beginning with after, as soon as and when, we can use the
present perfect for completed actions in the future and the past simple
for completed actions in the past.
After/ As soon as/ When he has made his copies, I will do mine.(= He
hasnt made his copies yet. Neither have I.)
As soon as he made his copies, I did mine.(= He made his copies first,
then I made mine.)
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VOCABULARY

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Complete each paragraph with one set of verbs, using the present
perfect or past simple.
have / not come / tell become/ have / hear know / meet / start

A. I _____________ started
have known Laura Palmer since we both _____________ work on
the same at Themes College about five years ago. She is one of the
have
smartest people I _____________ met
ever _____________.
B. _____________
Have you ___________
heard the good news yet? Jenny and
Michael _________________________
have just become
_________________
had
parents! Jenny _________________ a baby girl last night.
told
C. The plumber ___________________ me this morning, I'll be back to finish
the work as soon as I _______________
have had some lunch. But now its past
three oclock and he still _______________
hasnt come back.

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Another important thing, when it comes to learning English is,

being aware of intonation. Intonation in English is the way the

voice rises and falls while you speak. Very often, it changes the

main idea of what is said, going beyond the exact meaning of the

words to indicate how the speaker feels.

The very same sentence and the same word order might result

in quite a different idea behind your words, by only shifting

the stress from one word to another.

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Try reading this sentence by stressing the word in bold each time.

1. He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow.

In this case, you mean that its not him who is traveling but someone
else.
As in: He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow. His brother is.

2. He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow.

Here, the emphasis is on the word isnt to say that, its not true that
he is flying.
As in: Do you know that John is flying to Paris tomorrow?
He isnt flying to Paris tomorrow. He was intending to but he
changed his mind later.

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3. He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow.
By stressing the word flying, we intend to say that this is not what hes
going to do but maybe something else.
As in: He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow. He is actually driving.

4. He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow.

If you say the word to louder, youre saying this is not the direction hes
flying into.
As in: He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow. He is actually flying back from Paris.

5. He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow.

Stressing the word Paris, in this example, would mean that this is not the
actual destination of Johns flight.
As in: He is not flying to Paris. Hes flying to New York.

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6. He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow.
Giving emphasis to the word tomorrow would mean that its not
tomorrow hes flying but another day.

As in: He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow. He said he would be flying

the day after tomorrow.

As you can see, you are saying the same words every time, just
pronouncing a different word at a higher pitch. In this way, you are
actually saying a different thing every time.

Why should you bother to remember this? Well, being aware of the
various intonation patterns is what will make you capable of
conveying the intended message. That is to say, even if you pronounce
each word clearly, if your intonation is non-standard, your meaning will not
be clear.
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SEE YOU NEXT CLASS

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