SCATTER DIAGRAMS

AND TIME SERIES

SCATTER DIAGRAMS

A scatterplot is a type of data display that shows the relationship between

two numerical variables. Each member of the dataset gets plotted as a
point whose (x, y) coordinates relates to its values for the two variables.
WHAT IS CORRELATION?
We often see patterns or relationships in scatterplots.
Positive correlation - Negative correlation - No correlation - no clear
y variable tends to increase as y variable tends to decrease as relationship between the two
the x variable increases. the x variable increases. variables.
HOW TO MAKE A SCATTER GRAPH

Step 1: Draw a graph. Label the x- and y- axis.

Step 2: Draw the first point on the graph. Our
first point is (3,25).
Step 3:. Draw the remaining points on the
graph.
Step 4:. Determine the line of best fit.
Line of best fit (or "trend" line) is a straight line
that best represents the data on a scatter plot.
Try to have the line as close as possible to all points.
EXAMPLE
The local ice cream shop keeps
track of how much ice cream
they sell versus the noon
temperature on that day. Use
the scatter graph to estimate
the sales when the temperature
is at 21C and 29C. Here are
the figures for the last 12 days:
It is now easy to see that warmer weather leads
to more sales.
Line of Best Fit
Find sales if the temperature is at 21C:
Here we use linear
interpolation to
estimate the sales
at 21 C.

Interpolation is
where we find a
value inside our
set of data points.
Find sales if the temperature is at 29C:
Here we use linear
extrapolation to
estimate the sales at
29 C (which is
higher than any
value we have).

Extrapolation is
where we find a
value outside our
set of data points.
TIME SERIES GRAPHS

A timeplot (sometimes called a time series graph) displays values against

time. They are similar to x-y graphs, but while an x-y graph can plot a
variety of x variables (for example, height, weight, age), timeplots
can only display time on the x-axis. Timeplots are good for showing how
data changes over time.
 EXAMPLE
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
12 3 9 24 33 48 27 15 36 57 51 24 45 63 57

The table shows the sales of a

company in millions of dollars.