Introduction

Heat transfer
Discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the
transfer of thermal energy from one physical system to
another.

Conduction
defined as transferring heat or electricity through a
conducting medium by way of direct contact
Introduction
Losses by convection
-small air gaps exist between the surface wall and
insulation

Radiant heat loss

-occurs as a result of highly energized molecules
transmitting heat by way of waves or particles
Introduction
Pipe insulation
-thermal insulation used to prevent heat loss and gain from
pipes, to save energy and improve effectiveness of thermal
systems.

The benefits include, in addition to reducing costs and

environmental impacts of energy consumption.

Reducing or eliminating condensation on cold pipes.

Protection from dangerous pipe temperatures.
Control of noise.
Reduction of unwanted heat gain to air-conditioned
spaces.
Setup:
The test section is consists of four 10 ft lengths
of 1-inch standard steel pipe mounted on a
framework of welded 2 inch steel angles.

One of the lengths is bare and the others are air-

cell asbestos insulation, 85 % magnesia
insulation, silver chrome(aluminum pigment)
paint respectively.
 Drain
10 ft

Bare

1 in standard steel pipe

Air cell
asbestos
header
Globe
valve

85%
magnesia
1 in standard steel pipe

Silver
10 ft chrome
paint
2 inches pipe
The test pipes are connected to a common
header into which steam is introduced either
directly from the main or from a line containing
a reducing valve.
Each end of the tested pipe is equipped with a
plug-type valve where steam condensate is
drained , collected in beakers and measured.
In this apparatus , determining the heat loss
from bare and lagged pipe is conducted
through :

Supplying heat from the condensation of steam

into the pipe to be tested

Surface temperatures are measured by means of

a portable thermocouple potentiometer.
PROCEDURE
Steam is first introduced to the common header where in
the flow is regulated through a reducing valve. Make 3 runs
with steam pressure at 10psig, 20psig and 30 psig.

After adjusting the system to the desired pressure, crack

the drain cock under the header to remove water from the
steam line and header.

The four plug-type valves were then opened to blow out any
condensate from the pipes, and then closed them until
only a small amount of steam escapes along with the
condensate.
 When the system has reached equilibrium (measured at
various points), as determined by surface temperature
measurements reading on the thermocouple, collect and
measure the condensate from each pipe over a timed
interval of 15 ,30 minutes and 1hr, and then during this
period, record the following data needed for calculations:
Barometric pressure
Room temp
Steam pressure and temp
Surface temperatures

The surface-film coefficients and the lagging efficiency are

calculated from the temperature of the surfaces and the
room.
calculations
PROBLEM
Assume boiler runs with steam in the
pipes at 10 psig, 20 psig, and 30 psig.
Determine the theoretical surface
temperature at equilibrium and the
theoretical condensate in time intervals
15 min, 30 min, and 1 hour
steady state
constant pressure
velocity = 1ft/sec

length of pipe: 10ft

room temperature: 86F
atmospheric pressure: 14.696psi

thermal conductivities:
steel = 26 Btu/hr F ft
asbestos = 0.14 Btu/hr F ft
85% magnesia = 0.034 Btu/hr F ft
Silver Chrome (Al pigment) =
Outside diameter, D:
Pipe 1 (asbestos) : 2.875
Pipe 2 (Bare): 1.315
Pipe 3 (Siver Chrome): 1.315
Pipe 4 (85%Magnesia): 3.1875
PROBLEMS
Defective Boiler
No enough description of the boiler. Datas that are necessary for
calculations like mass flow rate.
Its hard to determine which of the pipes has the described
insulation
Pipes are not properly insulated
Difficulty in determining the surface temp.
Condensation of Steam in Parts of the system other than the test
pipes.
Condensation in Collecting beakers
Convection Current in Air- the convection on air affects the heat
Recommendations
Rehabilitate or Buy a new Boiler
Keep track of the boilers performance
Keep all records and gather enough datas of the boiler if
ever buy a new one.
Install new insulation for the pipes and keep track of its
performance
Each pipe should be tested for leakage
Label the Pipes properly
Use thermo couple
The beaker used should be heated first to avoid error
Put the equipment in a controlled temp. room
Plug type valves at each end of the pipe should be replaced