Summer Training Report

DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE WORKS

Submitted to: Made By:

Miss Deepti Yadav Prasun Das

(Electrical Engg. Department) E.E. (4thyear)
Roll No.- 1205220031
 Project Title

Types of Relays used in Diesel Locomotives,

Maintenance & Testing

In
D.E.M.U. Workshop
 Contents
1. Introduction
2. DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE SHED
CHARBAGH, LUCKNOW
3. D.E.M.U. Section
4. What is a relay?
5. Basic Design of Relays
6. Operation of Relays
7. Types of Relays used in Diesel Locos
8. Latching Relay
9. General Purpose Relay
10.Ground Relay
11.Wheel Slip Relay
12.Maintenance of Relays
13.Testing of Relays
 Introduction

Indian Railways is the state-owned railway company of India. It

comes under the Ministry of Railways. It was founded in 1853 under
the East India Company. Indian Railways is administered by the
Railway Board. Indian Railways is divided into 16 zones. Each zone
railway is made up of a certain number of divisions. There are a total
of sixty-seven divisions. It also operates the Kolkata metro.
Indian Railways makes 70% of its revenues and most of its profits
from the freight sector, and uses these profits to cross-subsidies the
loss-making passenger sector. The Rajdhani Express and Shatabdi
Express are the fastest trains of India.
 DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE SHED
CHARBAGH, LUCKNOW

DIESEL SHED, CHARBAGH, LUCKNOW of NORTHERN

RAILWAY is located in LUCKNOW. The shed was established on
22nd April 1857 under Oudh & Rohilkhand Railways for
overhauling of steam locomotives. Post independence this
workshop came under Northern Railway. It was initially planned to
home 75 locomotives. The shed cater the needs of Northern railway.

Diesel locomotive shed is an industrial-technical setup, where repair

and maintenance works of diesel locomotives is carried out, so as to
keep the loco working properly. It contributes to increase the
operational life of diesel locomotives and tries to minimize the line
failures. The technical manpower of a shed also increases the
efficiency of the loco and remedies the failures of loco.
LUCKNOW DIESEL SHED
 D.E.M.U. Section
The various parts of a DEMU train that are repaired, maintained and
tested in this section include the following:

Reverser
Engine Temperature Switch
Power Contactor
Relays

We will limit ourselves to the discussion of our project Relays.

 What is a relay?
Relays were invented in 1835 by American electromagnetism
pioneer Joseph Henry; in a demonstration at the College of New
Jersey, Henry used a small electromagnet to switch a larger one on
and off, and speculated that relays could be used to control electrical
machines over very long distances.

A relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small

electric current that can turn on or off a much larger electric current.
The heart of a relay is an electromagnet (a coil of wire that becomes
a temporary magnet when electricity flows through it).

Relays bridge the gap, making it possible for small currents to

activate larger ones. That means relays can work either as switches
(turning things on and off) or as amplifiers (converting small
currents into larger ones).
 Basic Design

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire

wrapped around a soft iron core, an iron yoke which provides a
low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature,
and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay
pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically
linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place
by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air
gap in the magnetic circuit.
 Operation
When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a
magnetic field that activates the armature and the consequent
movement of the movable contact either makes or breaks
(depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact.

If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized,
then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection,
and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the
coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force,
approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed
position.

Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used

commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are
manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage application this
reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces
arcing.
 Types of Relays
used in Diesel Locos

Latching relay

General Purpose Relay

Ground Relay

Wheel Slip Relay

 Latching Relay
A latching relay (also called impulse, keep, or stay relays)
maintains either contact position indefinitely without power applied
to the coil. The advantage is that one coil consumes power only for
an instant while the relay is being switched, and the relay contacts
retain this setting across a power outage. A latching relay allows
remote control of building lighting without the hum that may be
produced from a continuously (AC) energized coil.
A pulse to one coil turns the relay on and a pulse to the opposite
coil turns the relay off. This type is widely used where control is
from simple switches or single-ended outputs of a control system
and such relays are found in avionics and numerous industrial
applications.
 General Purpose Relay
General Purpose Relays are electromechanical
switches, usually operated by a magnetic coil.
General Purpose Relays operate with AC or DC
current, at common voltages such as 12V, 24V,
48V, 120V, 230V, and they control currents ranging
from 2A to 30A. These Relays are economical, easy
to replace and allow a wide range of switch
configuration.
 Ground Relay
An electrical relay provided in diesel and electric traction system
to protect the equipment against damage from earth and so called
ground. The result of such a relay operating is usually a
shutdown of the electrical drive. It is also some time called an
earth fault relay.
1. Accidental power circuit grounds
2. High resistance creepage grounds, such as those caused by
moisture and dirt
3. Flashover protection for generators, motors and contactors
4. Ground protection during dynamic braking
5. Ground protection during engine starting.
 Wheel Slip Relay
A Wheel Slip relay has four terminals. Two of those are use in
series operation and another two are used in parallel operation. At
the starting time out of six traction motor each two are connected in
series and those all three constructions are connected in parallel
with a resistor. In between one pair of motors the wheel slip relay is
connected in the equi-potential position.
 Maintenance of Relays
Periodic relay testing is, first and foremost, preventive
maintenance. Thus, procedures and records should be designed
with preventive maintenance as the guide. The tests themselves
will reveal catastrophic failures which would have prevented the
relay from performing when called upon to operate, while
properly maintained records will reveal any trends which could
lead to such failures.

The tests to be performed during routine maintenance are, of

course, determined by the type of relay to be tested. However,
the following tests should be included for all electromechanical
relays. Also mentioned are some preventive measures which
may be indicated by the results of such tests.
 Testing of Relays
A high quality relay test set and tools are important to test
protective relays in an accurate and repeatable manner.
Microprocessor relay testing can be automated. These relays can
be tested with computer-based software that communicates with
both the relay and test set. It is preferable to test relays using
automated testing procedures to reduce the time required and
increase reliability and repeatability of tests being performed.

Due to the critical nature of protective relays and enormous

prohibitive cost of a failure-to-trip or false trip, only a thoroughly
trained, experienced person should perform and/or oversee these
tests.
Have a Nice Day